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OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

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A  MANUAL 


OF 


ORTHOGRAPHY 


AND 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS 

TWENTY-SECOND  EDITION 


BY 


HENRY  R.  PATTENGILL 


Editor      of     Moderator-Topics,     Song     Knapsack,    Civil 

govicrnment  of  michklan,  michigan  historical  and 

Geographical   Cards,   Hints    from    Squints, 

Pat's    Pick,    Special     Day     Exercises, 

Thoughts  for  Those  Who  Think, 

Old  Glory  Speaker. 


H.  R.  PATTENOIIvL,  PUBLISHER 
1912 


Correct  pronunciatioa  and  distinct  articulation  are  abso- 
lutely essential  to  good  reading ;  hence  elementary  sounds 
should  be  studied  from  the  first. 


Copyrighl  by  Robert  Smith  Printing  Co 

Henby  R.  Pattengilu  Printers  and  Binders, 

10'.  n  Lansing,  Mich. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 

Chapter. 

Definitions 1 

Principles  of  Pronunciation II 

Table  of  Elementary  Sounds Ill 

How  to  Teach  the  Elementary  Sounds IV 

Exercises  in  Enunciation V 

Exercises  in  Articulation VI 

Word  Study VII 

Some  Rules  for  Spelling  and  Some  Spelling 

Tests VIII 

Some  Rules  eor  Pronunciation IX 

Review  Questions X 

Pronunciation  Tests XI 

List  of  2000  Words  Commonly  Mispronounced.  .  XII 


PREFACE. 

A  pure  and  easy  pronunciation,  a  clear  and  natural 
articulation  are  acgomplishments  well  worth  diligent 
and  persistent  efforts  to  acquire. 

The  knowledge  of  the  use  of  diacritical  marks  is  of 
great  service  in  reading  the  language  of  the  dictionary 
and,  very  properly,  has  come  to  be  an  essential  factor 
in  teaching  pupils  to  read.  It  is  sought  in  this  brief 
manual  to  give  a  compilation  of  rules,  suggestions  and 
exercises  on  the  subject  of  elementary  sounds  and  dia- 
critical marks  that  will  prove  helpful  to  teachers  and 
pupils.  The  rapid  and  steady  sale  of  the  volume 
indicates  that  the  book  serves  its  purpose.  The 
author  hopes  that  the  Manual  may  aid  in  securing 
somewhat  of  a  uniformity  in  teaching  and  using  the 
proper  sounds  and  their  symbols.  The  list  of  words 
given  are  enough  to  afford  ample  drill  to  young  and 
old  in  spelling,  pronunciation,  and  articulation.  It 
is  an  easy  matter  to  create  great  interest  in  this  sub- 
ject among  the  pupils  in  school,  and  may  it  no  longer 
be  truthfully  said :  "TheAmericans  are  noted  for 
the  carelessness  of  their  speech." 

In  the  third  edition,  there  were  added  sixteen 
pages;  in  the  sixth  edition  other  pages  were  added 
and  the  work  revised  to  conform  to  the  latest  editions 
of  the  great  lexicons;  in  the  seventeeth  edition  a 
chapter  on  word  study  was  added  by  Charles  Car- 
lisle of  Big  Kapids.  who  also  assisted  in  the  revision 
of  the  nineteenth  edition. 

H.  K.   PATTENGILL. 


CHAPTER  I. 

DEFINITIONS  AND   THE   CLASSIFICATION    OF  SOUNDS. 

Language  is  the  medium  for  the  communication  of 
thought.  Language  is  spoken  and  written.  Spoken 
language  consists  of  certain  elementary  sounds  com- 
bined into  words  to  express  thought. 

There  are  about  300,000  words  in  the  English  lan- 
guage, and  but  43  elementary  sounds. 

An  elementary  sound  is  one  of  the  sounds  which 
make  up  spoken  words.  Elementary  sounds  are  so 
called  because  they  are  speech  elements  which  can- 
not be  divided  into  two  or  more  distinct  and  dif- 
ferent sounds.  The  elementary  sounds  are  made  of 
voice  (vowels  and  subvocals)  or  of  breath  (aspi- 
rates), and  are  modified  by  the  organs  of  articula- 
tion. 

Voice  is  produced  by  the  vocal  cords  in  the  larynx, 
the  upper  part  of  the  windpipe.  The  organs  of  voice 
are  the  vocal  cords,  larynx,  pharynx,  trachea  and 
lungs. 

Speech  is  voice  or  breath  modified  by  the  organs  of 
articulation.  The  organs  of  articulation  are  the  lips, 
teeth,  tongue,  and  palate. 

The  organs  of  speech  are  the  organs  of  voice  and 
the  organs  of  articulation. 

A  letter  is  a  character  used  to  represent  a  sound. 
The  English  alphabet  contains  26  letters.  The  alpha- 
bet is  said  to  have  been  invented  by  the  Phoenicians ; 


6  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Aleph  and  heth,  which  in  Greek  are  alpha,  l)eta,  were 
the  first  two  letters;  hence  our  word  alphabet. 

The  poiver  of  a  letter  is  the  sound  which  the  let- 
ter represents. 

The  name  of  a  letter  is  what  the  letter  is  called  in 
the  alphabet.  The  names  of  the  letters  are:  a,  he, 
cee,  dee,  e,  eff,  gee,  aitch,  i,  jay,  kay,  ell,  em,  en,  o„ 
pee,  kue,  ar,  ess,  tee,  u,  vee,  douhle-u,  ex,  icy,  zee. 

The  elementary  sounds  are  classified  as  vowels 
and  consonants.  The  voivels  are  open  voice  sounds. 
The  consonants  are  speech  sounds  less  open  than 
the  vowels.  The  basis  of  this  classification  is  the 
degree  of  openness  or  closeness  of  the  organs  of 
articulation  in  the  utterance  of  the  sounds.  The 
more  open  positions  give  less  obstruction  to  the 
voice  or  breath  as  it  passes  through,  the  closer  po- 
sitions give  more.  Try  the  sounds  represented  by 
^>  y;  Q>  ^j  6^^"  The  vowel  sounds  are  represented 
by  the  letters  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  sometimes  w  and  y. 
The  words  aistemiously  and  facetiously  contain  the 
vowel  letters  in  the  usual  order. 

The  consonant  sounds  were  so  called  because  they 
are  used  with  vowels  in  the  formation  of  words. 
Con,  with;  son,  sound;  atit,  that  which — that  which 
sounds  with. 

The  most  easily  recognizable  vowel  sounds  are 
heard  in  the  pronunciation  of  the  words  aim,  at, 
art,  all,  eat,  end,  mind,  in,  old,  on,  move,  tube,  tnt), 
full.  The  letters  representing  these  sounds  are 
marked  a,  5,  a,  a,  e,  e,  I,  i,  o,  o,  o,  Q,  ii,  u. 

Vowels  are  also  called  vocals  and  tonics  (voc 
voice,  ton,  tone). 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  7 

The  consonant  sounds  are  classified  as  sudvocals 
and  aspirates.  The  basis  of  this  classification  is 
the  material  of  which  the  sounds  are  made;  that  is, 
vocalized  or  unvocalized  breath. 

The  stthvocals,  also  called  siibtonics  and  sonants, 
are  vocal  consonants.  They  are  represented  by  the 
letters  b,  d,  g,  g,  1,  m,  n,  r,  r,  v,  w,,  y,  z,  z.  tb,  ng. 

G  with  the  bar  is  g  as  in  go:  g  with  the  dot,  g  as 
in  gem.  The  first  r  is  r  after  a  vowel,  as  in  ear;  the 
second  r,  r  before  a  vowel,  as  in  rate.  The  second 
z  is  z  as  in  azure.    Th  with  the  bar  is  th  as  in  this. 

Suhvoeal  means  under  voice,  and  suhtonic  under- 
tone— these  sounds  being  muffled  or  shut  in  by  the 
organs  of  articulation,  i^ul),  under;  voe,  voice;  ton, 
tone. 

Aspirates,  atonies  or  surds  are  whispered  conso- 
nants. They  are  represented  by  the  letters  p,  t.  k, 
eh,  h,  f,  ich,  s,  sh,  th.  Atonic  means  without  tone. 
The  spir  in  aspirate  means  to  breathe,  referring  to 
the  material,  breath,  of  which  these  sounds  are 
made. 

Consonant  sounds  are  also  classified  as  mutes  and 
semivoKels.  The  basis  of  this  classification  is  the 
stoppage  of  breath  by  the  organs  of  articulation  in 
the  utterance  of  the  sounds. 

A  mute  is  a  consonant  sound  which  does  not  admit 
the  escape  of  breath  while  the  organs  of  articulation 
are  in  contact.  The  mute  sounds  are  represented  by 
the  letters  b,  p.  d,  t,  g,  k. 

A  semivoicel  is  a  consonant  sound  which  admits 
the  escape  of  breath  while  the  organs  of  articulation 
are  in  contact;  i,  e.,  in  position  to  give  the  sound. 


8  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Any  consonant  sound  not  a  mute  is  a  semivowel. 

Elementary  sounds  are  classified  according  to 
the  organs  of  articulation  by  which  they  are 
formed.  The  basis  of  this  classification  is  articu- 
lation. This  classification  is  sometimes  called  the 
organic  division  of  consonants. 

Lahials  are  speech  sounds  articulated  by  the  lips : 
'P,  h,  m,  10,  ich. 

Labiodentals  are  speech  sounds  articulated  by  the 
lower  lip  touching  the  upper  teeth :  v,  f. 

Lingua-dentals,  also  called  Unguals  and  dentals, 
are  speech  sounds  articulated  hy  the  front  part  of 
the  tongue  touching  or  approaching  the  teeth  or  the 
roof  of  the  mouth :  d,  g,  1,  n,  r,  y,  z,  z,  th,  t,  ch,  s, 
sh,  th. 

Lingua-palatals,  also  called  palatals  and  gutturals, 
are  speech  sounds  articulated  by  the  back  part  of 
the  tongue  touching  or  approaching  the  soft  palate : 
g,  k,  h,  ng.  These  sounds  are  called  gutturals  because 
they  are  articulated  near  the  throat — guttur  being 
the  Latin  word  for  throat. 

Elementary  sounds  are  classified  according  to 
quality. 

Quality  is  a  characteristic  of  voice  or  tone  de- 
pending largely  on  resonance. 

Quality  of  voice  depends  upon  the  shape  and  size 
of  the  vocal  organs,  the  shape  and  size  of  the  reso- 
nance cavities,  and  the  way  in  which  the  voice  is 
resonated  in  those  cavities. 

The  resonance  cavities  are  the  cavities  of  the  nose, 
mouth,  throat  and  chest. 

Resonance  is  the  sounding  of  the  voice  in  the  reso- 
imnce  cavities. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  9 

Sibilants  are  hissing  sounds:  s,  sh,  f,  th. 

Fricatives  are  buzzing  sounds :  z,  z,  g,  v,  y,  th  and 
trilled  r. 

Liquids  are  consonant  sounds  that  easily  unite  with 
other  consonant  sounds :  I,  m,  n,  r. 

Xasals  are  consonant  sounds  having  special  nasal 
resonance:  m,  n,  ng. 

Cognates  are  speech  sounds  similarly  articulated. 
Thus  &  and  p  are  labials;  d  and  t,  lingua-dentals; 
etc.  The  letters  representing  the  cognate  consonant 
sounds  are  b  p,  d  t,  g  k,  g  eh,  v  f,  av  ich,  zs,z  sh,  tb  tli. 
Vowel  sounds  said  to  be  cognate  are  a  e,  e  i,  a  a, 
c5o  oo,  e  1  ti,  etc. 

Suhstitutes  or  equivalents  are  letters  which  may 
be  used  in  place  of  other  letters,  as  ph  for  f  in  Philip 
and  for  v  in  Stephen ;  si,  ti,  ce,  ci,  for  sh  in  pension, 
notion,  ocean,  coercion ;  eau  for  0  in  beau,  u  in  beauty, 
1  in  beaufin;  eigh  for  a  in  eight;  an  for  a  and  gh  for 
/  in  laugh;  phth  for  t  in  phthisic,  and  for  th  in 
phthisis. 

Antecedent — a  consonant  before  a  vowel  in  the 
same  syllable. 

Subsequent  or  Consequent — a  consonant  after  a 
vowel  in  the  same  syllable. 

In  the  word  standings,  s  and  t  are  antecedent  to 
the  vowel  a;  n  and  d  are  subsequent  to  the  vowel  a; 
ng  and  s  are  subsequent  to  the  vowel  i. 

A  digraph  is  two  letters  representing  one  sound 
{di,  two;  graph,  written). 

Digraphs  are  consonant,  vowel,  and  mixed. 

A   consonant    digraph   is   two    consonant    letters 


10  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

representing  one  sound,  as  th  and  ng  in  tiling;  sh  in 
wish;  ck  in  back;  dd  in  add;  etc. 

A  vowel  digraph  is  two  vowel  letters  representing 
one  sound,  as  ea  in  eat;  ai  in  aim;  ay  in  pay;  ey  in 
they;  ei  in  veil ;  ie  in  belief;  ee  in  see;  oo  in  cool ;  etc. 

A  vowel  digraph  is  sometimes  called  an  improper 
diplitliong. 

A  mixed  digraph  is  a  consonant  and  a  vowel  letter 
representing  one  sound,  as  si  in  pension  ;  ti  in  notion  ; 
ci  in  gracious;  ce  in  ocean;  se  in  nauseate;  zi  in 
glazier;  si  in  fusion;  etc. 

A  trigraph  is  three  letters  representing  one  sound. 
Trigraphs  are  consonant,  as  sch  in  schism,  sch  in 
schist,  tch  in  w'atch,  psh  in  pshaw,  etc.;  and  vowel, 
as  eau  in  beau,  beauty,  beaufin;  iew  in  view;  tei<  in 
lieu,  adieu ;  etc. 

A  triphthong  is  a  vowel  trigraph;  i.  e.,  three  vowel 
letters  rejjreseutiug  one  sound. 

A  tetragraph  is  four  letters  representing  one 
sound,  as  phth  in  phthisic,  jjMIl  in  phthisis,  ueiie  in 
queue. 

A  diphthong  (di  two,  phthong  sound)  is  two  vowel 
sounds  blended  in  one  utterance,  as  a  q  in  house,  how; 
a  1  in  oil,  boy. 

The  diphthong  oi,  oy  is  said  to  be  a  separable 
diphthong  because  each  of  the  letters  which  compose 
it  may  be  marked  to  show  the  sound  represented : 
6i,  Oy. 

The  diphthong  on,  ow  is  said  to  be  inseparable 
because  the  letters  which  compose  it  cannot  be 
marked  to  show  the  sounds  represented. 

A  diphthongal  vowel  is  a  vowel  sound  having  a 
vanish. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  11 

The  vanish  of  a  vowel  is  the  sound  last  heard  when 
the  vowel  is  pronounced.  Thus,  the  vanish  of  a  is  e; 
the  vanish  of  i  is  65  the  vanish  of  o  is  00;  the  vanish 
of  u  is  00. 

A  simple  vowel  is  a  vowel  which  has  no  vanish, 
as  e,  I,  5,  u,  etc. 

An  aphthong  (a  without,  phthong  sound)  is  a 
silent  letter,  as  a  in  eat,  /  in  aim,  t  in  watch,  p  in 
pshaw,  h  in  ghost,  iie  in  antique,  etc. 

The  assimilation  of  consonants  is  changing  con- 
sonant sounds  to  make  pronunciation  easier.  A  z 
sound  could  not  be  pronounced  in  combination  with 
t  in  chintz,  therefore  z  in  this  word  is  pronounced 
as  if  it  were  the  aspirate  s.  In  icinds,  the  aspirate 
s  could  not  be  pronounced  in  combination  with  the 
subvocal  d,  therefore  s  in  this  word  is  pronounced 
as  if  it  were  the  subvocal  ~.  In  suffer,  the  6  of  the 
prefix  siib  is  changed  to  /";  in  illegal,  the  n  of  the 
prefix  in  is  changed  to  I;  in  af[ix,  the  d  of  the  prefix 
ad  is  changed  to  f ;  in  pressed,  the  d  of  the  suffix  ed 
represents  the  sound  t,  the  e  being  silent.  See  p.  21,  d. 

The  duplication  of  consonants  is  doubling  or  re- 
peating a  consonant  letter,  as  dd  in  add,  nn  in  funn/y, 
mm  in  hammer.  The  consonant  letter  is  doubled  or 
repeated  to  show  that  the  preceding  vowel  sound  is 
short :  ebb,  egg,  miss,  stripped,  banner,  running,  etc. 
The  duplication  makes,  in  effect,  a  consonant  digraph, 
as  only  one  sound  is  represented  by  the  combination. 

Orthography  treats  of  the  nature  of  elementary 
sounds,  the  power  of  letters  and  correct  spelling. 

Orthoepy  treats  of  the  pronunciation  of  words. 

Phonology  is  the  science  of  elementary  sounds. 


12  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Philology  is  the  science  of  language. 

Phononiijpy  and  phonography  are  systems  of 
sound  representation. 

Phonotypy  was  an  attempt  to  represent  each  ele- 
mentary sound  by  a  distinctive  character. 

Phonography  is  a  system  of  sound  representation 
by  curves,  straight  lines  and  dots — also  called  sten- 
ography or  shorthand. 

A  diacritical  mark  is  a  mark  used  with  a  letter  to 
indicate  the  sound  which  the  letter  represents. 

Quantity  is  the  length  of  time  occupied  in  uttering 
a  sound  or  syllable. 

Stress  is  force  of  utterance.  It  is  the  chief  con- 
stituent of  accent  and  emphasis.     See  accent,  p.  64. 

Hilent  letters  are  used  to  modify  preceding  vowels 
and  consonants,  to  indicate  the  derivation  of  words, 
to  show  differences  in  meaning,  and  to  distinguish 
words  of  similar  sound:  mad,  made;  ace,  ache; 
phthisic,  phthisis,  phthalic,  rhythm;  gilt,  guilt; 
road,  rode.  Letters  which  are  never  silent  are  f,  j, 
q,  single  r,  x,  and  the  letters  representing  the  sound 
sh. 

Note. — For  definition  of  words,  syllables,  etc.,  see 
Chap.  VII. 

CHAPTER  II. 

PRINCIPLES    OP    PRONUNCIATION. 

Herewith  are  given  in  a  convenient  form  the  prin-- 
ciples  of  ])ronunciation  as  expounded  by  the  best 
modern  orthoepists. 

VOWELS. 

a — long,  as  in  ale,  made,  pain  marked  with  a  macron. 
This   sound    is   di|)hthongal,    ending   in    a   brief 


V 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  13 

sound  of  e  long.     To  give  the  sound:    Place  the  tip 

of  the  tongue  at  the  base  of  the  lower  front  teeth,  and 

emit  voice. 
Note. — The  sound  is  represented  by  e  in  ihey,  prey,  etc, 

and  by  ei  iu  eight. 

a — marked  with  a  dotted  macron,  as  in  cahhagc, 
preface,  solace,  senate,  Tuesday,  yesterday,  or  a 
before  an  accented  vowel  in  a  syllable  following, 
as  aorta,  chaotic.  This  sound  is  a  modification 
of  a  long  in  syllables  without  accent;  ranging 
between  a  in  ale  and  e  in  end,  never  taking  the 
vanish.  In  final  syllables  the  tendency  of  the 
sound  is  to  turn  to  /  short. 

a — short  as  in  add,  at,  plaid;  marked  with  a  breve. 
This  is  a  peculiarly  English  sound.  It  differs  in 
quality  and  quantity  from  a  in  made  and  a  in  far. 
It  is  a  short,  abrupt  sound,  with  an  explosive  char- 
acter. To  give  the  sound:  Place  the  tongue  as  in 
a,  open  the  mouth  a  little  wider,  and  emit  voice. 

& — before  r,  as  in  care,  air,  parent;  marked  with  a 
circumflex.  Most  orthoepists  consider  the  sound 
to  be  the  same  as  that  of  long  a  deprived  of  its 
vanishing  element,  e  long.  To  give  the  sound: 
Open  the  mouth  slightly,  and  j)artially  depress  the 
tongue.  Place  the  vo6al  organs  the  same  as  for  e, 
short,  and  emit  voice.  The  sound  is  of  a  less  open 
quality  than  short  e. 

Note. — This  sound  is  represented  by  e  in  heir,  there, 
their,  therefore,  where.     (See  i.) 

a — Italian,  as  in  a^-m,  far,  farther;  marked  with  two 
dots  above.  It  is  the  most  ojoeu  and  melodious  of 
the  vowel  sounds,  and  its  use  should  be  cultivated. 
To  give  the  sound;     Open  the  mouth  and  throat 


14  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

wide,  leave  the  tongue  in  a  position  of  rest  and 
emit  voice.  There  is  much  latitude  in  the  pro- 
nunciation of  this  sound,  ranging  from  a  in  arm 
to  a  in  aslc.  A  medial  form  is  at  present  most 
approved. 

Note. — The  vowel  a  has  this  sound  before  r  in  mono- 
syllables, or  in  accented  syllables  of  some  words  and  in 
their  derivations  as  star,  starry,  debar,  debarring,  but 
when  a  comes  before  r  in  the  accented  syllable  of  a  word 
not  a  derivative,  and  if  followed  by  another  syllable  com- 
mencing with  a  vowel  or  another  r  it  has  its  short  sound, 
as  in  marry,  arid. 

a — In  unaccented  syllables,  as  adove,  around,  among, 
'^  sofa,  soda,  q,roma,  separable;  marked  dot  above. 
This  sound  is  called  a  intermediate,  and  is  heard 
in  syllables  ending  in  ff,  ft,  ss,  sk,  sp,  st,  th,  and 
a  few  in  nee  and  nt.  This  sound  ranges  among 
different  orthoepists  from  u  short,  to  a  Italian. 
The  best  authorities  give  it  the  shortened 
form  of  a  Italian.  To  give  the  sound :  Place  the 
tongue  in  position  for  a,  short,  then  draw  the 
tongue  upward  and  backward,  and  attempt  to 
give  the  sound  of  a,  short,  without  changing  the 
position  of  the  organs. 

Note. — Kead  the  interesting  history  of  this  sound  in 
pronunciation  ^  6  of  Webster's  Unabridged  or  Academic 
Dictionaries. 

a — brodd,  as  in  all,  talk;  marked  two  dots  below.     To 
give  the  sound:     Depress  the  larynx,  retract  the 
tongue  thus  enlarging  the  cavity  of  the  mouth,  an(3 
emit  voice. 
Note. — This  sound  is  represented  by  o  in  for. 

a — short  broad,  as  in  ivJi^t,  wander;  marked  dot 
below.  ''This  is  the  extreme  short  sound  of  a 
broad,  and  coincides  with  the  sound  of  o  in  not. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  1 J 

It  differs,  however,  in  quality  as  well  as  in  quantity 
from  a  broad,  being  a  more  open  sound  ;  that  is  to 
say  the  aperture  of  the  lips  and  the  internal  cav- 
ity of  the  mouth,  though  of  the  same  shape  in 
both  cases,  are  somewhat  larger  for  a  than  for  a, 
while  the  position  of  the  tongue  remains  unaltered 
throughout." 

Note. — Mark  the  a  in  any.  many,  said,  says,  and  the 
second  a  in  again,  against,  by  canceling  it,  and  place  e 
breve  above  it.    The  a  is  used  as  an  equivalent  of  e. 

a — obscure,  is  used  to  indicate  the  closed  sound  of  a, 
in  words  like  infant,  brutally,  etc.  In  Webster's 
Dictionary  this  a  is  italicized. 

e — long,  as  in  eve,  mete;  marked  with  a  macron.  This 
is  one  of  the  closest  of  the  vowel  sounds.  To  give 
it:  The  tongue  is  raised  convexly  within  the  dome 
of  the  palate  pressing  against  its  sides,  and  leaving 
only  the  smallest  possible  passage  through  which  a 
vowel  sound  can  be  uttered. 

Note. — This  sound  is  represented  by  i  in  machine, 
pique. 

e — in  unaccented  syllables  as  event,  create,  society; 
this  is  shorter  than  accented  long  e.  To  give  this 
sound  that  of  ti  short  shows  carelessness;  to  give  it 
that  of  e  long  shows  affectation ;  hence  the  compro- 
mise.    Marked  with  a  dotted  macron. 

§ — short,  as  in  end,  met;  marked  with  a  breve.  This 
is  not  the  short  sound  of  a  long;  it  is  slightly  more 
open  than  the  radical  part  and  lacks  the  vanish. 
To  give  the  sound:  Open  the  mouth  slightly 
and  place  the  tongue  to  the  tips  of  the  lower 
teeth. 

Note.— The  sound  is  represented  by  a  in  many  and  u 
in  bury. 


16  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

C — before  r  as  iu  heir,  there,  their,  ichere;  marked 
with  a  circumflex.     (See  a.) 

S — Intermediate,  as  in  verge,  ermine,  prefer;  marked 
with  a  wave.  This  sound  is  equivalent  to  thai 
of  i  in  sir,  and  y  in  myrrh,  and  similar  to  that 
of  u  in  urn,  although  the  weight  of  authority  is 
in  favor  of  a  distinctive  sound  of  e,  and  its  use  is 
insisted  upon  in  accented  syllables.  To  give  the 
sound:  The  organs  are  placed  in  a  position  in- 
termediate between  that  for  sounding  u  in  urn 
and  e  in  met.  Place  the  tongue  so  as  to  sound 
e  short,  draw  the  tongue  back  and  depress  in  the 
center.  In  unaccented  syllables  and  slow  speech 
this  sound  is  heard  somewhat  like  the  closing 

element  of  eu  in  grandeur. 

Note. — This  sound  occurs  in  e  before  r,  in  a  monosyl- 
lable or  in  an  accented  syllable  in  which  the  r  is  not  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel  or  another  r,  or  in  derivatives  of  such 
words,  when  the  syllable  retains  its  accent,  as  in  herd, 
defer,  deferring,  err,  erring,  term,  mercy,  viaternal. 
When  e  occurs  before  r  followed  by  a  vowel  or  another  r 
in  a  word  not  derived  as  above,  it  has  its  short  sound  as 
in  ferry,  peril,  or  the  long  sound  as  in  period. 
e — foreign  as  in  prey,  they;  marked  with  a  macron 
below.     (See  5.) 

Note. — The  e  before  n  in  unaccented  syllables  takes  a 
sound  of  obscure  quality  in  rapid  speech  as  in  prudent. 
Do  not  omit  it,  but  do  not  exaggerate  it  to  full  short  e. 
nor  let  it  be  like  short  i  or  short  u.  In  woolen  and 
kitchen,  e  has  its  short  sound.  The  unaccented  vowel 
of  obscure  quality,  especially  e  or  i,  is  frequently  re- 
duced to  the  attenuated  form  called  the  voice  glide,  as 
in  eaten,  basin,  etc.     {EaVn,  bas'n.)     See  pp.  27,  93. 

i — long,  as  in  ice,  marked  with  a  macron.  This  sound 
is  diphthongal  in  its  nature,  being  composed  of  a 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  17 

and  e  with  the  first  accented,  but  so  briefly  that 
the  ear  scarcely  distinguishes  its  sound. 
Note. — This  sound  is  represented  by  y  in  my. 

i — unaccented  as  in  idea,  biology,  trihmal,  diameter. 
The  quality  is  subject  to  great  variation,  depend- 
ing upon  the  stress  given  to  the  syllable. 

I — sJiort,  as  in  iH,  if,  in;  marked  with  a  breve.     To 
give  the  sound:     Place  the  organs  in  position  to 
,  give  e  long,  and  slightly  relax  the  tongue. 

Note. — The  sound  is  represented  by  y  in  nymph,  e  in 
England  and  pretty,  ee  in  been,  eau  in  heaufin,  o  in  ivomen, 
u  in  busy,  ea  in  guinea. 

1 — foreign,  as  in  pique,  caprice;  marked  dots  above. 
( See  e. ) 

1 — intermediate  as  in  girl,  irksome;  marked  with  a 
wave.     (See  e.) 

0 — long,  as  in  old,  groic;  marked  with  a  macron. 
This  is  slightly  diphthongal,  having  a  slight  vanish 
in  00  in  ooze.  It  should  have  a  full,  open  sound, 
not  contracted  towards  ii  short,  as  hum  for  liome. 
To  give  the  sound:  Open  the  lips  and  bring  the 
mouth  toward  the  circle,  and  draw  the  tip  of  the 
tongue  slightly  backward. 

Note. — This  sound  is  represented  by  au  in  hautboy,  eau 
in  beau,  eio  in  sew. 

6 — unaccented,  as  in  obey,  tobacco,  billotc.  This  is 
usually  in  open  syllables.  It  differs  from  long  0 
not  only  in  absence  of  the  vanish  but  by  taking  a 
wider  form  which  varies,  inversely,  with  the  stress 
placed  on  the  syllable. 

6 — short,  as  in  not,   odd,   on;  marked  with  a  breve. 
(  See  a. ) 
Note. — Although  the  words  dog,  log,  God,  cost,  brotli^ 

9 


18  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

song,  long,  soft,  cross,  off,  are  marked  by  most  orthoepists 
with  the  breve,  yet  the  best  authorities  prefer  a  pronun- 
ciation of  0  between  that  in  not  and  that  in  for. 

Q — intermediate,  as  in  do,  move;  marked  dots  below. 
This  is  tlie  closest  labial  vowel;  that  is  to  say  the 
liX)S  are  more  nearly  closed  than  for  any  other 
vowel.  The  sides  being  brought  into  contact  with 
each  other  so  as  to  leave  a  small  central  aperture. 

Note.  — It  is  represented  by  oo  in  ooze,  u  in  rude,  ew  in 
dreic,  eu  in  maneuvre. 

9-  short  00,  as  in  icoJf,  foot;  marked  dot  below.  It  is 
of  the  same  quality  as  o  intermediate,  but  its  quan- 
tity is  shortened.  To  give  the  sound:  Close  the 
li  j)S  nearly,  leaving  a  small  aperture  for  the  voice  to 
escape. 
Note. — It  is  represented  by  u  in  pull,  and  oo  in  foot. 

6 — broad,  as  in  for,  orb,  marked  with  a  circumflex. 
(  See  a. ) 

Note. — This  sound  of  o  occurs  before  r  in  a  monosyl- 
lable as  in  for,  Lord,  etc.,  or  in  an  accented  syllable  when 
not  followed  by  a  vowel  or  another  r,  as  in  former,  orchard, 
abhor,  and  in  the  derivatives  of  such  words,  as  abhorring. 
But  when  o  occurs  in  an  accented  syllable  before  r  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel  or  another  r  in  a  word  not  a  derivative, 
it  has  its  regular  short  sound,  as  in  foreign,  orange,  torrid. 
Teachers  will  do  well  to  study  the  above  note  carefully. 

6 — short    u,   as   in   sou,   other;   marked   dot   above. 
(Seeii.) 

(K) — long  as  in  ooze,  food;  marked  in  the  dictionary 
with  an  extended  macron.  (See  o.) 

ob — short,  as  in  foot,  wool;  marked  with  a  breve. 
(See  V.) 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  19 

n  -  long,  as  in  use,  due,  mute;  marked  with  a  macron. 
This  is  a  compound  sound,  formed  of  the  vowel  oo 
in  ooze  and  of  the  consonant  y  or  the  vowel  i  or  e 
before  it. 

Note.  —When  the  u  begins  a  syllable  or  is  preceded  by 
the  palatal  or  labial  sounds  Tc,  g,  2),  &>/,  in,  v,  the  sound  of 
y  is  clearly  heard  as  in  usage,  cube,  puny,  etc.;  after  d, 
t,  I,  V,  s,  and  th  it  is  peculiarly  difficult  to  introduce  the 
sound  of  y,  and  negligent  speakers  omit  it.  The  sound 
should  be  made  as  brief  as  possible  and  be  pronounced 
in  the  same  syllable.  After  r,  ch,  or  sli,  u  has  the  simple 
sound  of  00  in  ooze,  as  in  rule,  sure.  The  sound  of  u  long, 
is  represented  by  eau  in  beauty,  eu  in  feudal,  eiv  in  few. 
The  y  sound  should  never  be  forced  in  when  it  will  not 
come  in  smoothly  as  a  glide. 

a — unaccented  is  a  modification  of  u  long  in  use.  It  is 
heard  in  such  words  as  unite,  graduate,  judicial, 
censure,  measure,  etc.  The  sound  difi"ers  from  fl 
by  taking  for  the  first  element  the  wide  q  as  in 
wolf,  rather  than  the  narrow  q  as  in  do. 

u — short,  as  in  us,  but;  marked  with  a  breve.  In 
formation  it  is  essentially  the  same  as  u  in  urge,  but 
is  shorter  in  quantity,  and  more  open  in  quality. 
To  give  the  sound:  Open  the  mouth  slightly,  and 
depress  the  tongue  partially. 
Note. — It  is  represented  by  a  in  so)i  and  oo  in  blood. 

]^—long  00,  as  in  rude,  rule,  ruin;  marked  dots  below. 
( See  Q. ) 

Note. — This  is  the  sound  of  u  following  r  in  nearly  all 
cases,  as  in  rumor,  fruit,  rule,  ruin,  rude,  bruit,  brute. 

u — intermediate,  as  in  j)wf,  pull;  marked  dot  below. 
(  See  9  and  do. ) 

ii— ^neutral,  as  in  urge,  urn;  marked  with  a  circum- 
flex.    It  lacks  any  strongly  marked  distinctive 


20  ORTHOORAPHY  AND 

quality.    It  differs  from  u  sliort  in  length  and  a 
greater  degree  of  closeness.    This  sound  is  heard 
in  tcord,  world,  ii:ortliy,  Konn,  icorse,  sandwort, 
spwgewort,  etc.    In  marking  cancel  o  and  write 
(i  above, 
y — long,  as  in  my;  marked  with  a  macron.      (See  i.) 
y — short,  as  in  nymph;  marked  with  a  breve.     (  See  i. ) 
y — intermediate,  as  in  myrtle,  myrrh;  marked  with  a 
wave.     (  See  i. ) 

DIPHTHONGS. 

oi  and  oy,  as  in  oil,  hoy,  unmarked.     The  elements  of 

the  sound  are   a  and   I   with   the   accent  on  the 

former, 
on  and  ow,  as  in  our,  how;  unmarked.     This  element 

is  composed  of  ii  and  do,  the  former  being  accented 

and  very  brief. 

Note. — The  test  of  a  diphthong  is  that  it  requires  a 

change  in  the  position  of  the  organs  of  speech  during  the 

continuance    of   a   tone.      For   diphthongal    vowels,    see 

p.  10. 

CONSONANTS. 

b— as  in  hat,  tub,  Mb;  unmarked.  This  sound  is 
formed  by  slight  contact  of  the  edges  of  the  lips 
and  compressing  the  voice  within  the  mouth  and 
pharynx,  causing  a  muffled  sound  or  murmur  to 
precede  the  separation  of  the  lips.  Don' t  explode 
the  sound  by  opening  the  lips  too  suddenly.  It  is 
usually  silent  before  t  and  after  in  in  the  same  syl- 
lable, as  in  debt,  dumb. 

€ — hard,  as  in  cat;  marked  with  a  bar.     (  See  k. ) 

Note.  -  C  has  this  sound  when  it  comes  before  a,  o,  u,  I, 
or  r,  before  A;,  s,  or  t  final,  and  when  it  ends  a  word  or  a 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UN'DS.  21 

syllable.     It  has  the  sound  of   z  in  sacrifice,  suffice  and 

discern,  and  is  silent  in  czar,  victuals  and  indict,  and  in 

the  termination  scle  as  in  muscle. 
(; — soft,    as  in  cyst,  cede;  marked  with  a  cedilla.     It 

takes  the  sound  whenever  it  occurs  before  e,  i  or  y. 

(  See  s. ) 
ch — as  in  church,  chat;  unmarked.     This  is  a  simple 

sound  and   not  composed   of  t   and  sh,   as   many 

orthoepists  claim.      ^^It  is  produced  by  placing  a 

certain  portion  of  the  tongue  near  the  tip,  but  not 

the  tip  itself,  against  a  certain  part  of  the  palate, 

and,  after  pressure,  suddenly  withdrawing  it  with 

a  violent  emission  of  the  breath." 
^h — soft,  chaise;  marked  with  a  cedilla.      (  See  sh.) 

Note. — ^Most  words  with  this  sound  are  from  the  French. 
ch — hard,   as  in  chorus^  epoch;   marked  with   a  bar. 

(Seek.) 
Note. — This  is  also  a  sound  heard  in  foreign  words.  Ch 

is  always  hard  before  I  and  r;  it  is  silent  in  drachm,  schism, 

and  yacht. 
d — as  in  do,   sad;   unmarked.     To   give   the  sound : 

Press  the  end  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  gums, 

and  then  force  up  vocalized  breath  or  voice,  into 

the  mouth. 
Note.- — When  d  follows  a  whispered  consonant  in  the 

same  syllable,  it  usually  takes  the  sound  of  t  in  hissed. 

It  is  silent  only  in  the  words  Wednesday  and  handkerchief . 
f — as  in  fat,  leaf;  unmarked.     It  is  made  by  placing 

the  upper  lip  against  the  edges  of  the  upper  front 

teeth  and  emitting  the  breath. 
Note. — This  letter  is  never  silent  and  has  but  one 

sound,  except  in  the  word  of,  when  it  has  the  power  of 

its  cognate,  v.     It  is  represented  by  gh  in  laugh  a,nd  ph  in 

sylph. 


22  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

g-'-Tiard,  as  in  go,  teg;  marked  with  a  bar.  The  sound 
is  formed  by  opening  the  mouth  slightly  and 
placing  the  root  of  the  tongue  in  contact  with  the 
back  of  the  palate,  and  then  allowing  the  intonated 
breath  to  escape. 

Note.— It  is  hard  before  a  (except  in  gaol  and  its  deriv- 
atives), 0,  u,  7i,  I  and  ?•,  and  sometimes  before  e,  i  and  y,  as 
in  get,  give,  muggy.  It  is  always  hard  at  the  end  of  words. 
It  is  represented  by  gh  in  gherTcins. 

g — soft,  as  in  gem,  range;  marked  dot  above.  (See  j. ) 
Note. — G  usually  takes  this  sound  before  e,  i,  and  y 
(see  exceptions  above).  In  some  French  words  g  has  the 
sound  of  zh  as  in  mirage,  rouge.  It  is  silent  before  m 
and  n  final,  and  when  initial  letter  n,  as  in  phlegm,  sign, 
gnat. 

gh — This  digraph  is  unmarked  and  represents  the 
sound  of  g  hard  as  in  ghost,  f,  as  in  laugh,  Jc,  as  in 
lough,  p,  as  in  hiccough.  It  is  silent  after  i  and 
generally  before  t. 

h — as  in  hat;  unmarked.  It  is  a  mere  breathing.  To 
sound  it:  Place  the  organs  in  position  to  form  the 
next  following  sound,  as  in  he,  prepare  to  pro- 
nounce he  and  emit  un vocalized  breath;  ha,  ho, 
etc.,  the  same. 

Note. — It  is  silent  after  g  initial,  after  r,  and  when  fol- 
lowed by  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in  ghost,  myrrh, 
ah. 

j — as  in  jug,  jar;  unmarked.  This  sound  is  produced 
in  the  same  way  as  that  of  ch,  and  differs  from  it 
only  in  being  vocal  instead  of  aspirate.  It  is  the 
same  as  g. 

Note.— It  is  never  silent.  In  hallelujah  it  has  the  sound 
of  consonant  y.  It  is  represented  by  di  in  soldier,  and  g 
in  gem. 

k  —as  in  Jcit,  Tcnack;  unmarked.  To  form  the  sound : 
Bring  the  back  of  the  tongue  into  close  contact 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  23 

with  the  back  part  of  the  palate;  and  then  sepa- 
-    rate  by  a  continued  pressure  of  the  breath.     It 
differs  from  its  cognate  g,  in  being  aspirate. 

Note. — It  is  represented  by  c  hard  in  cat,  ch  hard  in 
chord,  q  before  u  in  quail,  and  gh  in  hough. 

1 — as  in  lame,  bell;  unmarked.  This  is  the  most  har- 
monious of  the  consonants.  To  give  the  sound  : 
Place  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  upper  gums 
and  emit  vocalized  breath.  The  I  in  an  unaccented 
syllable  following  an  accented  syllable  fulfills  the 
of&ce  of  a  vowel,  as  in  able. 

Note. — L  is  silent  in  many  words,  especially  before  a 
final  consonant,  as  in  alms,  half,  almond. 

m — as  in  me,  mal-e,  aim;  unmarked.  It  is  produced 
by  closing  the  lips  and  letting  the  voice  issue 
through  the  nostrils.     It  is  called  a  labio-nasal. 

Note. — It  is  silent  before  n  in  the  same  syllable,  as  in 
m,nemonics,  and  serves  as  a  vowel  in  schism. 

n — as  in  no,  name,  ten.  To  give  it :  Place  the  tongue 
as  for  d  and  emit  voice  through  the  nostrils.  It  is 
a  dento-nasal. 

Note. — It  is  silent  after  Z  or  to  as  in  kiln,  hymn,  but 
not  in  derivatives  of  words,  as  in  hymnal.  N  also  serves 
as  a  vowel  occasionally,  as  in  even,  pardon,  etc. 

n — as  in  ink,  uncle,  anchor,  conquer,  anxious,  anger, 
finger;  marked  with  a  bar  below.  It  is  equiva- 
lent to  ng.  The  sound  never  occurs  at  the  be- 
ginning of  a  syllable.  To  give  it:  Place  the 
tongue  as  for  g,  and  allow  the  voice  to  pass 
freely  through  the  nostrils. 

n — as  in  canon;  marked  with  a  tilde.  It  is  thus 
marked  only  in  a  few  Spanish  words  and  indicates 
a  1/  sound  following  the  n,  as  in  cailoii,  sefior. 

p — as  in  pet,  lip;  unmarked.     It  is  formed  like  h 


24  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

except  that  the  lips  have  a  firmer  contact  and 
breath  instead  of  voice  is  allowed  to  escape. 

Note. — It  is  silent  before  n,  s,  and  t,  and  in  some  other 
instances. 

ph — This  digraph  occurs  chiefly  in  words  of  Greek 
formation.  It  usually  has  the  sound  of  f,  as  in 
phantom,  v  in  one  word,  Stephen. 

Note. — It  is  silent  before  th  initial,  as  p/it/iisis. 

q — as  in  quick;  unmarked.  It  is  sounded  like  k.  The 
u  following,  if  sounded,  is  sounded  like  w.  This 
is  II  used  as  a  consonant.  In  a  few  French  words, 
as  coquette  and  Marquette,  and  in  the  termination 
que,  as  in  antique,  the  u  is  silent. 

r — rough  or  trilled,  as  in  rat,  roam;  unmarked.  This 
sound  is  produced  by  a  more  or  less  forcible  vibra- 
tion of  the  tip  of  the  tongue  against  the  inner 
gum  of  the  upper  teeth.  It  occurs  only  before 
vowels. 

r — smooth  or  untrilled,  as  in  nor,  sort;  unmarked. 
This  occurs  only  after  a  vowel  in  the  same  sylla- 
ble. In  giving  this  sound  the  tongue  is  so  placed 
as  to  feel  the  passing  stream  of  air,  but  not  to 
yield  to  it. 
Note. — Single  r  is  never  silent. 

8 — sharp,  as  in  sit,  same,  yes.  In  forming  this  sound 
the  tip  of  the  tongue  is  rounded  and  brought  near 
the  upper  front  teeth,  the  lips  are  open  and  unvo- 
calized  breath  escapes.  Late  orthoepists  give  s  the 
sharp  sound  in  derivatives  like  disarm,  disburse, 
etc. 

§—flat,  as  in  has;  marked  with  a  suspended  bar. 
Place  the  organs  as  for  s  sharp,  and  emit  voice 
instead  of  breath. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  25 

Note. — S  is  sileat  in  the  words  aisle,  isle,  island,  de- 
niesne,  puisne,  viscount,  and  g-enerally  at  the  end  of 
French  words  adopted  into  English,  as  chamois,  corps. 

sh — as  in  she,  flesh;  unmarked.  This  sound  is  pro- 
duced by  drawing  the  tip  of  the  tongue  inward  from 
the  position  it  takes  to  sound  s  in  she,  slightly  en- 
larging the  aperture  through  which  the  breath 
passes,  while  the  middle  of  the  tongue  rises  within 
the  arch  of  the  palate. 

Note. — It  is  represented  by  c  in  acacia,  t  in  negotiation, 
s  in  nauseate,  ce,  ci,  se,  si,  sci,  ti,  before  a  vowel  in  a  syl- 
lable following  an  unaccented  syllable,  sch  in  schist,^  ch  in 
chaise.     It  is  never  silent. 

t — as  in  top,  note;  unmarked.  It  is  the  vocal  cognate 
of  d,  and  formed  like  it. 

Note. — T  is  silent  in  the  terminations  ten,  tie.  after  s, 
as  in  fasten,  castle,  and  in  a  few  other  words.  It  is 
often  equivalent  to  sh. 

th — sharp. aspirated,  as  in  thin,  breath:  This  is  the 
sound  made  in  lisping.  It  is  made  by  i^utting  the 
point  of  the  tongue  between  the  teeth,  or  by  placing 
it  against  the  back  part  of  the  upper  front  teeth, 
and  forcing  out  aspirated  breath. 

th — flat-subvocal,  as  in  then,  loith;  marked  with  a  bar. 
This  differs  from  the  one  preceding  only  in  substi- 
tution of  voice  for  breath. 

V — as  in  vat,  leave,  unmarked.     It  is  the  subvocal  cog- 
nate of/. 
Note. — Fis  never  silent  except  in  seven-night. 

w — as  in  wo,  loen,  loet;  unmarked.  This  is  a  consonant 
sound  before  a  vowel.  Place  the  vocal  organs  in 
position  for  oo  long.  Continue  the  sound  of  oo 
long,  and  observe  the  vanish.  In  forming  it  con- 
tract the  lips  slightly,  and  this  compression  of  the 


26  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

lips  changes  the  quality  of  the  sound,  giving  it  a 
buzzing  and  articulate  character,  rather  than  soft 
vocal  ity. 

Note. — TFis  silent  before  ?-,  also  in  the  words  answer, 
sword,  toward  and  two.    It  is  often  represented  by  ii. 

wh — as  in  what,  unmarked.  Webster  says  that  in 
this  digraph  the  h  is  sounded  before  the  w,  as  they 
were  w"ritt.en  by  the  Anglo-Saxons  (hwat).  Other 
orthoepists  claim  that  the  sound  is  a  simple  one 
and  that  in  forming  it  the  lips  are  brought  close 
together  as  for  w,  and  then  rapidly  separated  ;  the 
breath  is  not  obstructed.  The  latter  idea  is  cer- 
tainly preferable. 

X — sha7^2^  as  in  tax;  unmarked.     Equivalent  to  Jcs. 

$:— so/it  or  flat,  as  in  exist;  marked  with  a  suspended 
bar.  This  sound  is  equivalent  to  g  hard  and  z. 
At  the  beginning  of  words  x  has  the  sound  of  2;. 

y — as  in  yes,  yawn;  unmarked.  To  give  the  sound: 
Place  the  vocal  organs  as  for  e  Jong;  continue  the 
sound  as  for  e  long,  and  closely  observe  the  vanish. 
In  forming  it  the  tongue  is  slightly  depressed,  which 
destroys  the  jiure  vocality  in  e. 

Note. — This  sound  is  heard  only  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word  or  a  syllable.  It  is  often  represented  by  i  as  in 
familiar. 

z — as  in  zest,  maze:  unmarked.  This  is  the  cognate 
subvocal  of  s,  and  is  represented  by  §.  In  a  few 
words  it  takes  the  sound  of  zh. 

zh — These  two  letters  never  come  together  in  the 
proper  spelling  of  an  English  word;  the  sound  is 
represented  by  zi  in  glazier,  si  in  fusion,  and  z 
in  azure.     The  sound  is  the  vocal  cognate  of  sh. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  27 

Note. — We  give  tables  of  the  elementary  sounds  in  this 
connection,  to  present  the  topic  in  a  compact  form,  and 
suggest  to  teachers  that  large  tables  or  charts  may  he 
made  on  manilla  paper,  and  placed  before  the  school  for 
reference  and  study.     See  Chap.  III. 

STJMjVIARY  axd  eeyiew. 

The  diacritical  marks  used  are  avS  follows : 

" — Macron,  used  above  or  below. 

" — Breve,  used  above. 

" — Dots  used  g(i^ove  or  below. 

" — Circumflex,  used  above. 

~ — "Wave  or  tilde  used  above.  ( "Wave  when  used 
with  a  vowel,  tilde  with  a  consonant. ) 

• — Dot  used  above  or  below. 

"  — Bar,  used  with  consonants  above,  through  or 
below. 

, — Suspended  bar,  used  below. 

" — Dotted  macron,  used  above. 

'—For  voice  glide,  used  to  denote  the  brief  and 
obscure  neutral  vowel  sound  which  sometimes  occurs 
in  unaccented  syllables,  such  as  the  last  sj'llables  of 
ev'l,  eifn,  reas'n,  etc. 

X — Xasal  tone,  used  to  indicate  the  nasal  sound  of 
a  preceding  vowel,  as  in  words  from  the  French  and 
Portuguese:   ho'Sho'N,  bo'N-  on.  etc. 

Italic  vowel  (a,  e,  etc),  used  to  show  that  the 
vowel  sound  is  not  to  be  entirely  omitted,  although 
it  is  more  obscure  than  the  definite  short  sound : 
infant,  novel,  prudent,  government,  radical,  etc. 

EQUIVALENTS. 


VOWELS. 

a 

= 

6 

O 

= 

CK) 

or 

n 

e 

= 

^ 

o 

= 

OO 

or 

n 

28 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


e  =   a 

ow    =    oil 

ew     =     ti 

oy    =     oi 

ee    =     e 

y    =      I 

i     =     S 

y   =     I 

I    =     % 

CONSONANTS. 

y   =     i 

€    =.k 

dg  =  j 

9    =  s 

' 

§      =  z 

€li=  k 

?     =  gz 

f;h  =  sh 

X     =  ks 

g    =  g 

ph  =  f 

g    =  J 

qu  =  kw 

a — has  eight  variations  of  sound;  a,  a,  a,  a,  a,  a,  a,  a, 
besides  the  obscure  sound  represented  in  the  Inter- 
national Dictionary  by  italic  a. 

e — has  seven  variations  of  sound;  e,  e,  e,  e,  e,  %  ac- 
cented and  e  the  wide  variant. 

i — has  five  variations  of  sound;  i,  i,  i,  i,  I. 

0 — has  seven  sounds;  0,  6,  0,  o,  q,  9,  6. 

u — has  six  variations  of  sound;  n,  ti,  u,  u,  u,  u,  besides 
its  use  as  a  consonant  and  exceptional  sound  of  i, 
as  in  lettuce. 

y — has  four  sounds,  all  the  sounds  of  i,  except  1  in 
i^iqiie.     y,  y,  y,  y. 


LONG  VOWELS. 

a  as  in  made.     i    as  in  girl. 


a   as  in  far. 
a   as  in  all. 
a  as  in  care. 
e   as  in  eve. 
e   as  in  verge. 
i   as  in  ice. 


0  as  in  old. 
00  as  in  ooze, 
w  as  in  use. 
on  as  in  our. 
oi  as  in  oil. 


SHORT   VOWELS. 

a  as  in  at. 

a  as  in  fast. 

e  as  in  met. 

*  9.S  in  pit. 

o  as  in  on. 

00  as  in  foot. 

u  as  in  us. 


ELEMENTAB  Y  SO  UNDS. 


29 


CHAPTER  III. 
TABLE  OF  ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS. 

VOCALS. 


Examples. 

VocaLs. 

Equivalents. 

Examples. 

mate 

a 
a 
a 
a 
a 
a 

a 

e 

e 

e 

e 

i 

i 

i 

0 

6 

oo 

oo 

u 

Q 
Vi 

u 
oi 
oil 

e 
e 

6 

6 

1 

y 
y 

Q  U 
9  V 

6 

oy 
ow 

they, 
there. 

preface 

care 

far 

fast 

all 

or. 

what 

oa. 

at 

eve 

event 

p/que. 

met 

girl. 
my. 

versre. 

ice 

idea 

it    

]i?/mph. 

old 

obev 

ooze 

do,  r?tde. 

wolf,   \Mll. 

wse,  due 

itnite 

XlVSL^ 

son. 

oil 

boy. 
cow. 

30  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

TABLE    OF    ELEMENTARY    SOUNDS. 

CONSONANTS. 

Subvocals :  b  d  g  g  1  m  n  r  r  V  w  y  z  z  tJi  ng. 

Aspirates :  p  t  k  ch.  h  f  wli  s  sh  tli. 

Labials :  b  p  m  w  wli. 

Labio-dentals :  v  f. 

Lingua-dentals :  d  g  1  n  r  y  z  z  tli  t  ch.  s  sh  th. 

Lingua-palatals :  g  k  h  ng. 

Sibilants :  s  sh  f  th. 
"  Fricatives :  z  z  g  v  y  tli  and  trilled  r. 

Liquids :  1  m  n  r. 

Nasals :  m  n  ng. 

Mutes:  b  p  d  t  g  k. 

Semi-vowels :  All  consonant  sounds  not  mutes. 

Cognates :  b  p  d  t  g  k  g  cli  v  f  w  wh  z  s  z  sh  th  th. 

Explosives,  or  Momentary  Sounds :  b  p  d  t  g  k  g  ch. 

Continuants :  consonant  sounds  that  can  be  pro- 
longed at  will — all  consonant  sounds  not  explosive, 
as  1  m  n  r  V,  etc. 

Extra  or  Redundant  Letters :  c  j  q  x.  These  letters 
are  called  extra  or  redundant  because  they  represent 
no  sounds  not  represented  by  other  letters.  C  is 
either -e  (k)  or  5  (s)  ;  j  is  g;  q  is  k;  x  is  ks  in  tax; 
gz  in  exact,  z  in  xylophone,  ksh  in  anxious.  Because 
they  represent  no  sound  not  represented  by  other 
letters,  c  j  q  x  are  sometimes  called  the  unneces- 
sary letters  of  our  alphabet.  Our  alphabet  is  said 
to  be  redundant  because  it  contains  the  four  extra 
letters  c  j  q  x,  and  defective  because  it  has  not  an 
independent  character  to  represent  each  elementary 
sound — seventeen  or  more  vowel  sounds  being  repre- 
sented by  the  five  letters  a  e  i  0  u. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  31 

W  is  used  as  a  consonant  before  a  vowel  in  the 
same  syllable,  and  as  a  vowel  after  a  vowel  in  the 
same  syllable :  way,  how. 

Y  is  used  as  a  consonant  before  a  vowel  in  the 
same  syllable,  and  as  a  vowel  after  a  vowel  in  the 
same  syllable,  and  when  it  is  used  instead  of  i,  I,  or 
i :  yet,  way,  fly,  only,  myrrh. 

I  is  used  as  a  consonant  when  it  is  sounded  as  y, 
otherwise  it  is  a  vowel ;  alien,  onion,  genial,  etc. 

U  is  used  as  a  consonant  when  it  is  sounded  as  w, 
otherwise  it  is  a  vowel :  persuade,  quit,  language, 
suite. 

L,  m,  n  are  said  to  be  used  as  vowels  in  syllables 
in  which  no  vowel  sound  is  distinctly  heard,  as  evil, 
shovel,  often,  soften,  reason,  whistle,  rustle,  schism. 
(Webster's  International,  p.  Ixix.) 

COGNATE,     OR     CORRELATIVE     LONG     AND     SHORT     VOWEL 
SOUNDS. 

The  following  vowels  are  more  or  less  related  to 
each  other  in  manner  of  utterance: 

LONG.  SHORT. 

a  in  care.  e  in  met. 

a  in  far.  a  in  fast. 

a  in  all.  o  in  on. 

e  in  eve.  i  in  it. 

00  in  ooze.  oo  in  foot. 

u  in  urge.  w  in  up. 

Practice  uttering  first  one  in  one  column,  then  its 
correlative  in  the  other  column. 


32  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

CHART  OF  THE  COGXATK  CONSONANT  SOUNDS. 


b  p 

d   t 

gk 

g    ch 

V    f 

vr  wh 

Z   8 

z  sh 

th  th 

Give  the  subvocal  sounds  represented  on  the  chart. 
The  aspirate  sounds.  The  labials.  The  labio-deu- 
tals.  The  lingua-dentals.  The  lingua-palatals. 
The  sibilants.  The  fricatives.  The  sky-rocket  sound 
(sh).  The  sneezing  sound  (ch).  The  spinning-wheel 
sound  (z).  The  kitty  sound  (f).  The  goose's  hiss 
(th).  The  explosive  sounds.  The  continuants. 
The  sounds  in  order  from  left  to  right  in  each  row. 
In  this  order  commit  the  sounds  to  memory. 

Frequent  and  careful  practice  in  giving  the  ele- 
mentary sounds  tends  to  make  enunciation  and  ar- 
ticulation clearer,  to  perfect  pronunciation  by  mak- 
ing it  more  accurate,  and  to  strengthen  and  improve 
the  voice. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

HOW    TO   TEACH    THE    ELEMENTARY    SOUNDS. 

1.  Let  the  teacher  take  a  familiar  word,  as  mate 
pronounce  it  carefully  to  the  class,  and  ask  them  to 
pronounce  it  in  concert.    Then  to  teach  the  sound  of 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  33 

a,  ask  the  pupils  to  pronounce  the  word,  omitting  the 
last  sound,  as  nta,  then  omit  the  sound  of  m  and  pro- 
nounce the  vocal  sound  a  twice.  This  will  give  the 
steps,  mate,  ma,  a,  a.  See  that  it  is  given  fully  and 
smoothly,  then  ask  individual  pupils  to  give  the 
sound. 

Using  the  same  Word,  have  the  pupils  pronounce 
it  more  and  more  slowly,  until  by  slow  pronunciation 
the  word  is  separated  into  its  elementary  sounds. 

The  separation  of  words  into  elementary  sounds 
is  sometimes  called  phonic  analysis,  or  spelling  by 
sound. 

2.  If  necessary,  the  teacher  should  give  instruc- 
tion in  regard  to  the  position  of  the  organs  of  speech ; 
it  may  be  necessary  for  the  teacher  to  give  the 
sound  and  ask  pupils  to  imitate. 

3.  Ask  pupils  to  name  words  containing  the  same 
sound.  Let  them  write  lists  of  such  words  and  bring 
to  the  class. 

4.  Teach  the  use  of  the  proper  diacritical  marks 
to  represent  the  sound. 

5.  Let  the  teacher  give  the  sound,  and  pupils  wTite 
or  name  the  letter  and  diacritical  mark  used  to  rep- 
resent it. 

6.  Give  lists  of  words  for  pupils  to  mark. 

7.  Write  common  words  with  unusual  markings 
to  make  new  words  of  them.  (This  exercise  should  be 
used  only  for  testing  pupils  after  the  marks  are 
pretty  well  kno^^^l.)  For  example,  €at,  gat,  cat,  gat, 
€at. 

8.  In  advanced  classes  make  constant  use  of  the 


34  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

chart;  rapidly  pointing  to  letters,  the  pupils  respond- 
ing. Let  boys  give  the  subvocals;  girls  the  aspirate 
cognates ;  or  vice  versa. 

Note. — A  g-ood  way  to  drill  upon  these  tables  so  that  the 
pupil  may  remember  the  souud  corresponding  to  the  marks 
is  first,  to  follow  carefully  the  directions  as  to  teaching'  the 
sounds,  and  then  to  review  the  tables  this  way:  a  with  a  ma- 
cron as  in  mate;  represented  by  e  macron  below,  as  in  they, 
a,  e.  Frequent  drills  of  this  kind  on  all  the  vowels  of  the 
table  will  fix  the  marks  and  keywords  perfectly  in  the  mind. 

9.  Teach  the  common  diacritical  marks  while  the 
pupil  is  learning  to  read.  Continue  the  drill  through 
all  the  grades. 

10.  Write  lists  of  words  unknown  to  the  pupils, 
mark  them  properly  and  call  for  pronunciation. 

11.  Eeqnire  the-  sounds  to  be  given  exactly  right. 

12.  Do  not  let  pupils  begin  with  a  weak  sound  and 
slide  up  to  the  right  sound  at  the  finish;  let  it  be  given 
with  full  force  from  the  first. 

13.  Teach  the  technical  names  of  the  diacritical 
marks:  Breve,  macron,  tilde,  wave,  circumflex,  dots, 
bar,  cedilla,  suspended  bar.  It  is  a  good  plan  to  speak 
of  the  macron  as  a  bar  when  used  with  a  consonant 
and  the  wave  as  the  tilde.  The  dieresis  is  used  to 
shew  that  the  second  of  two  adjacent  vowels  is  not 
pronounced  with  the  preceding  as  cooperate;  it  is  best, 
therefore,  to  speak  of  the  diacritical  marks  similar  to 
it  as  dots,  likewise  dot  instead  of  period,  circumflex 
instead  of  caret. 

14.  Lead  pupils  to  classify  the  sounds  heard  in 
words,  to  analyze  words  and  letters. 

15.  Give  constant  drills  by  various  methods  in  ar. 
ticulation,  enunciation  and  pronunciation. 


ELEMENTAB  Y  SO  UNDS. 


85 


CHAPTER  V. 


EXERCISES  IN  ARTICULATION  AND  ENUNCIATION. 


a  o 


trace 

crash 

alms 

walk 

chase 

add 

scar 

dwarf 

space 

match 

farce 

scald 

grace 

scrap 

czar 

fawn 

case 

track 

laugh 

crawl 

scale 

catch 

gaunt 

forward 

haze 

sprang 

craunch 

torpor 

aid 

scamp 

gape 

scorch 

lay 

scratch 

ah 

adorn 

faint 

scalp 

jaunt 

born 

k 

a  6 

a  e 

g  I 

last 

squad 

scare 

verge 

class 

squalid 

chair 

serge 

clasp 

wad 

where 

sir 

dance 

squash 

wear 

stir 

bath 

squander 

ere 

sperm 

quaff 

orange 

flare 

squirrel 

grasp 

torrid 

heir 

dirt 

stanch 

foreign 

bare 

earth 

task 

spot 

share 

prefer 

graft 

horrid 

lair 

term 

Q  Ob  u 

9  11  do 

OU  01 

6  u 

lose 

would 

out 

done 

move 

should 

our 

some 

whose 

woman 

cloud 

won 

woo 

nook 

spoil 

none 

noose 

took 

quoit 

shove 

smooth 

shook 

voice 

tongue 

ruse 

full 

hour 

buzz 

36 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


brute 

pull 

house 

much 

crude 

put 

hound 

scud 

spruce 

soot 

moist 

such 

U 

d  final 

d  initial 

h  initial 

surge 

bed 

do 

bad 

scourge 

I'od 

dare 

bend 

purge 

send 

dost 

but 

purl 

board 

dime 

bare 

fur 

had 

dig 

by 

h  final 

t  final 
p  initial 

t  initial 
p  final 

g  initial 

crib 

pot 

tip 

so 

tub 

pat 

top 

get 

rob 

put 

trump 

gone 

scab 

pit 

tramp 

gat 

drab 

pet 

trap 

got 

g  final 

j  initial 

V  initial 

V  final 

egg 

jug 

vat 

love 

beg 

jamb 

vase 

live 

pig 

jut 

vice 

move 

dug 

jet 

vest 

drove 

bag 

jar 

vote 

save 

Note. — The  teacher  can  use  the  above  as  drills  in  teach- 
ing the  sounds  and  marks.  Let  the  pupils  pronounce  and  tell 
the  marks,  or  teacher  may  pronounce  and  pupils  mark. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

[For  Shirking  and  Pronuiiciation.] 

Aunt,  an,  ant,  path,  pat,  pass,  bath,  bask,  balm, 

brass,  calf,  cask,  calm,  cast,  gape,  grasp,  lath,  last, 

palm,  pant,  past,  daunt,  laugh,  blanch,  chaff,  glance, 

scoff,  soft,  cost,  cube,  flute,  rule,  chew,  Tuesday,  ruby. 

Articulation  is  that  action  of  the  organs  of  speech 

by  which  each  oral  element  receives  its  own  character. 


ELEMENT AR  Y  SO  UNDS.  37 

It  is  the  utterance  of  separate  elcnieiitan-  sounds, 
or  the  combination  of  these  sounds  into  sjilables  and 
words. 

Pronunciation  is  the  utterance  of  words  with  es- 
pecial reference  to  sound,  syllabication  and  accent. 

Enunciation  is  utterance  in  general,  as  "His  enun- 
ciation was  not  clear.'' 

The  requirements  of  good  articulatioti  are: 

1.  Normal  articulating  organs. 

2.  Strength  and  flexibility  in  the  use  of  these 
organs. 

3.  A  proper  knowledge  of  each  sound  in  the 
language. 

4.  A  knowledge  of  the  art  of  combining  these 
sounds  into  words. 

5.  Drill,  drill,  drill,  especially  on  difficult  com- 
binations. 

Note. — The  drill  in  articulation  should  be  so  frequent  and 
so  long  continued  that  the  student  shall  be  able  to  "pronounce 
the  words  trippingly  on  the  tongue."  The  extreme  of  alfec- 
tation  is  but  one  degree  better  than  the  extreme  of  careless- 
ness. By  practice  the  pupil  may  become  an  exact  speaker 
and  yet  be  easy  and  natural. 

ERRORS  IN  ARTICULATION. 

Errors  of  substitution :  Figger,  boiler,  ellum,  ketch, 
etc. 


Irrors  of  omission: 

F'  rever, 

wlch,  Id' no 

Irrors  of  Uending : 

Did  jew 

for 

did  you, 

Would  jew 

for 

would  you, 

Could  jew 

for 

could  you, 

Can  chew 

for 

can't  you, 

Won'  chew 

for 

won't  you. 

Shan  chew 

for 

shan'  t  you. 

38  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Note. — Let  the  expressions  in  the  second  of  the  columns 
preceding  be  repeated  rapidly  many  times  till  the  correct 
pronunciation  be  given  without  effort.  It  can  be  given,  and 
is  one  of  the  marks  of  a  cultured  person. 

DIACRITICAL    MARKS   FOR   VOWELS. 

(Sentences  suggested  by  Diebel's  "  Method  With  English  Grammar." 
The  sentences  give  the  student  a  type-word  lor  each  ol  the  vowel 
sounds.) 

Fair  KS-te,  ask  father  aH  thSt  was  said  (s^d)  In  the 
senate  about  the  infaut. 

We  met  where  eight  ^arls  had  been  (b^n)  seen  to 
erect  seyen  emblems. 

My  itinerant  cousins  whui  nine  tin  stirring 
machines. 

Some  Odd  old  woman's  Opinion  may  dQ  good  work 
(wiirk)  for  our  schfJols. 

In  piire  fun  we  urged  Eube  Fuller  to  buy  for 
business  (bigness)  a  utensil  called  a  burying  (berying) 
Urn. 

Fly,  mystic  martyr,  with  the  myrrh  and  myrtle 
only. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

ARTICULATION. 

1.  Utter  firmly  the  following  exercise,  dwelling 
upon  the  consonant  element,  aud  ending  the  vowel 
abruptly : 

bn,  be  bi  bo  ba  boo  boi 

ba  be  bi  b6  bu  boo  bou 

Substitute  for  h  in  the  above  exercise  d,  g,  j,  I,  n,  w,  y. 

2.  Utter  the  following  slowly  and  carefully  at  first, 
and  increase  to  a  ^•ery  rapid  utterance  : 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  39 

ba-pa    bS-pg    bl-pi    bO-po    bn-jjn    boo-pc3o    boi-poi 
ba-pa     be-pe     bi-pl    b5-p5    bu-pu    b'Jb-pdb    boii-pou 
Also  da-ta,  ya-fa,  ja-cha. 

3.  Eobbed,  robed ;  bragged,  dragged  j  banged, 
hanged  ;  singed  ;  tinged  ;  bulged  j  divulged  ;  lands, 
mends;  sheathes;  breathes;  sheathed;  breathed; elms, 
films ;  chasm  ;  prism  ;  spasms  ;  schisms ;  risen  ;  dozen. 

4.  Nymph,  lymph;  widths,  breadths; rob' st,  prob'st; 
milked,  bilked;  healths,  wealths;  twelfths;  filched, 
mulched;  months,  plinths;  lengths,  strengths; 
sheath' st,  breath' st;  troubl'st,  doubl'st;  rob'dst, 
prob'dst;  cradl'st,  saddl'st;  struggl'st,  smuggl'st; 
begg'dst,  drugg'dst;  say'dst,  wagg'dst;  hold'st,  fold'st; 
help'st,  scalp' st. 

5.  Commit  to  memory:  Geaseth,  approacheth,  re- 
joiceth,  ceaseth;  approacheth,  rejoiceth,  ceaseth,  ap- 
proacheth, rejoiceth,  ceaseth,  approacheth,  rejoiceth. 

6.  To  read:  Amid'st  the  mists  and  coldest  frosts, 
with  barest  wrists  and  stoutest  boasts,  he  thrusts  his 
fists  against,  the  posts,  and  still  insists  he  sees  the 
ghosts. 

RECREATIONS  IX   ARTICULATION. 

1.  His  cry  moved  me. 

2.  His  crime  moved  me. 

3.  Six  thick  thistle  sticks. 

4.  A  rural  ruler  truly  rural. 

5.  Charles  Smith's  Thucydides. 

6.  She  says  she  will  sew  a  sheet. 

7.  Flesh  of  freshly  fried  flying  fish. 

8.  The  sun  shines  on  the  shop  signs. 

9.  All  night  it  lay  an  ice  drop  there. 


40  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND     , 

10.  The  sea  ceaseth  and  it  sufficeth  us. 

11.  High  roller,  low  roller,  lower  roller. 

12.  She  sells  sea-shells;  shall  he  sell  sea-shells? 

13.  A  box  of  mixed  biscuits;  a  mixed  biscuit  box. 

14.  Two  toads  totally  tired  tried  to  trot  to  Tedbury. 

15.  Some  shun  sunshine;  do  you  shun  sunshine? 

16.  Oh,  the  torment  of  an  ever-meddling  memory. 

17.  He  sawed  six  long,  slim,  slick,  slender  saplings. 

18.  The  old  cold  scold  sold  an  old  school  coal- 
scuttle. 

19.  Eight  great  gray  geese  grazed  gaily  into 
Greece. 

20.  He  accepts  the  office,  and  attempts  by  his  acts 
to  conceal  his  faults. 

21.  The  cat  ran  up  the  ladder  with  a  lump  of  raw 
liver  in  her  mouth. 

22.  Thrice  six  thick  thistle  sticks  thrust  straight 
through  the  thin  thatch. 

23.  He  built  a  nice  house  near  the  lake,  and 
shouted,  "Ice  cream  for  two  young  ladies." 

•24.  Shave  a  cedar  shingle  thin.  What!  shave  a 
cedar  shingle  thin?  Yes,  shave  a  cedar  shingle 
thin. 

25.  Did  you  say  you  saw  the  spirit  sigh,  or  the 
spirit's  eye,  or  the  spirits'  sigh?  I  said  I  saw  the 
spirit's  eye,  not  the  spirit  sigh,  nor  the  spirits'  sigh. 

26.  Peter  Prangle,  the  prickly,  prangly  pear 
picker,  picked  three  pecks  of  prickly,  prangly  pears 
on  the  pleasant  prairies. 

27.  How  much  wood  would  a  wood-chuck  chuck, 
if  a  wood-chuck  could  chuck  wood?  Why!  if  a 
wood-chuck  could  chuck  wood  he  would  chuck  all 
the  wood  a  wood-chuck  could  chuck. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  41 

28.  Theophilus  Thistle,  the  successful  thistle 
sifter,  in  siftiug  a  sieve  full  of  unsifted  thistles, 
thrust  three  thousand  thistles  through  the  thick  of 
his  thumb.  Now  if  Theophilus  Thistle,  the  success- 
ful thistle  sifter  in  sifting  a  sieve  full  of  unsifted 
thistles,  thrust  three  thousand  thistles  through  the 
thick  of  his  thumb,  see  that  thou  in  sifting  a  sieve 
full  of  unsifted  thistles,  thrust  not  three  thousand 
thistles  through  the  thick  of  thj  thumb.  Success 
to  the  successful  thistle  sifter. 

29.  Bead  the  following  very  rapidlj^: 

A  day  or  two  ago  during  a  lull  in  business,  two 
little  boot-blacks,  one  white  and  one  black,  were 
standing  at  the  corners  doing  nothing,  when  the 
white  boot-black  agreed  to  black  the  black  boot 
black's  boots.  The  black  boot-black  was  of  course 
willing  to  have  his  boots  blacked  by  his  fellow  boot- 
black, and  the  boot-black  who  had  agreed  to  black 
the  black  boot-black's  boots  went  to  work. 

When  the  boot-black  had  blacked  one  of  the  black 
boot-black's  boots  till  it  shone  in  a  manner  that 
would  make  any  boot-black  proud,  the  boot-black 
who  had  agreed  to  black  the  black  boot-black's 
boots  refused  to  black  the  other  boot  of  the  black 
boot-black  until  the  black  boot-black  who  had  con- 
sented to  have  the  white  boot-black  black  his  boots 
should  add  five  cents  to  the  amount  the  white  boot- 
black had  made  blacking  other  men's  boots.  This 
the  boot-black  whose  boot  had  been  blacked  refused 
to  dO;,  saying  it  was  good  enough  for  a  black  boot- 
black to  have  one  boot  blacked,  and  he  didn't  care 
whether  the  boot  that  the  white  boot-bhuk  hadn't 
blacked  was  blacked  or  not. 


42  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

This  made  the  boot-black  who  had  blacked  the 
black  boot-black's  boot  as  angrj-  as  a  boot-black 
often  gets,  and  he  vented  his  black  wrath  by  spit- 
ting upon  the  blacked  boot  of  the  black  boot-black. 
This  roused  the  latent  passions  of  the  black  boot- 
black and  he  proceeded  to  boot  the  white  boot-black 
with  the  boot  which  the  white  boot-black  had 
blacked.  A  fight  ensued,  in  which  the  boot-black 
W'ho  had  refused  to  black  the  unblacked  boot  of  the 
black  boot-black,  blacked  the  black  boot-black's 
visionary  organ,  and  in  w^hich  the  black  boot-black 
wore  all  the  blacking  off  his  blacked  boot  in  booting 
the  white  boot-black. 

AN    EXERCISE    ON    THE    SOUND    U    AS    HEARD    IN    BUGLE. 
BLUE,  DUTY;,  ETC. 

Do  not  say  toon  for  tiinc,  nod  for  new,  dook  for 
duke,  presoom  for  presume,  etc.  Look  out  also  for 
the  words  ere,  you,  heard,  grass,  icords,  ahsurdly, 
student,  instead. 

"I  presume  that  the  tune 

You  assume  to  be  new, 

Was  known  to  the  duke 

And  his  fluter,  ere  you 

Ever  heard  of  a  lute, 

Or  the  flu.te  that  he  blew ; 

That  the  dew  on  the  grass, 

And  the  note  that  is  due, 

With  the  words  'constitution,' 

And  'plume,'  'flume,'  and  'flew." 

Sound  just  as  absurdly. 


ELEMENTA R  Y  SO  UNDS.  43 

Pronounced  as  men  do, 
To  the  ear  of  the  scholar, 
The  student,  the  muse, 
As  to  say  *I  refoose  it' 
Instead  of  'refuse'."' 


A  TEST  FOR  BOX E- HEADS. 

[A  Yale  graduate,  head  of  a  school  of  elocution  in 
New  York,  is  responsible  for  the  following,  which 
he  says  cannot  be  memorized.] 

Esau  Wood  sawed  wood.  Esau  Wood  would  saw 
wood.  Oh,  the  wood  Wood  would  saw !  All  the 
wood  Esau  Wood  saw  Esau  Wood  would  saw.  In 
other  words,  all  the  wood  Wood  saw,  Esau  sought 
to  saw. 

One  day  Wood's  wood-saw  would  saw  no  wood; 
hence,  all  the  wood  Wood  would  saw,  was  not  the 
wood  Wood  would  saw  if  Wood's  wood-saw  would 
saw  wood. 

Now  Wood  would  saw  wood  with  a  wood-saw  that 
would  saw  wood.  So  Esau  sought  a  saw  that  would 
saw  wood.  One  day  Esau  saw  a  saw  saw  as  no  other 
wood-saw  would  saw.  In  fact,  of  all  the  wood  saws 
Wood  ever  saw  saw  wood  Wood  never  saw  a  saw 
saw  as  the  wood  saw  Wood  saw  would  saw.  And  I 
never  saw  a  saw  saw  wood  as  the  wood  saw  Wood 
saw  would  saw  until  I  saw  Esau  saw  wood  with  the 
wood  saw  Wood  saw  saw  wood. 

Now  Wood  saws  wood  with  the  wood  saw  Wood 
saw  saw  wood. 


44  ORTHOORA  PHY  AND 

CHAPTER  VII. 

ETYMOLOGY   OU   WOUD   STUDY. 

Et3ano]ogy  is  the  study  which  treats  of  the  history 
of  words,  their  primitive  forms,  derivation,  and  all 
changes  of  form  and  meaning. 

It  includes  the  inflection  of  words,  or  the  changes 
made  in  words  to  show  gender,  person,  number,  case 
and  time,  as  boy,  boys,  boy's,  boys';  who,  whose, 
whom;  give,  gives,  etc.;  and  what  is  known  as  word 
study,  word  analysis,  or  the  study  of  the  derivation 
of  words,  which  is  separating  words  into  their  prin- 
cipal and  subordinate  elements,  and  finding  the 
meaning  of  each  element. 

The  principal  elements  of  words  are  primitive 
words  (root- words)  and  stems  (roots). 

The  subordinate  elements  of  words  are  affixes 
(prefixes,  suflixes). 

A  primitive  word  (root- word)  is  a  word  which, 
without  any  affix,  is  a  complete  word  in  the  lan- 
guage: child,  house,  man,  sky. 

A  stem  (root)  is  the  principal  element  in  a  deriva- 
tive word  which  is  not  usually  a  complete  word  in 
the  language  without  some  affix:  vert,  volv,  posit, 
lat,  spect,  spir. 

Vert  means  to  turn ;  volv,  to  roll ;  posit,  to  put  or 
place;  lat,  to  bear  or  carry;  spect,  to  look;  spir,  to 
breathe. 

A  prefix  is  a  subordinate  element  placed  before  a 
primitive  word  or  stem  to  modify  the  meaning:  con, 
in,  ro,  de,  sub,  trans,  intro. 

Con  means  with  or  together;  in  mean«  in,  on,  not; 
re,  back  or  again;  de,  down,  from,  concerning;  sub, 
under  or  after;  trans,  across;  intro,  within. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  &0  UNDS.  45 

A  suflSx  is  a  subordinate  element  placed  after  a 
primitive  word  or  stem  to  modify  the  meaning :  less, 
ful,  \y,  acy,  nle,  kin,  ion,  tion. 

Less  means  without  or  lacking;  ful,  full  of  or 
having;  ly,  like  or  after  the  manner  of;  acy,  state, 
condition  or  quality  of;  ule  and  kin,  small  or  little; 
ion  and  tion,  act  of. 

An  aflSx  is  a  subordinate  element  placed  before 
or  after  a  primitive  word  or  stem  to  modify  the 
meaning — a  prefix  or  suffix. 

A  derivative  word  is  a  word  formed  from  a  primi- 
tive word  or  stem  by  the  addition  of  an  affix  or 
affixes:  con-vert,  in-volve,  re-late,  de-posit,  in-spir- 
ation,  intro-si>ect-ion. 

The  literal  meaning  of  a  word  is  the  meaning 
which  the  word  has  when  separated  into  its  prin- 
cipal and  subordinate  elements  and  the  meaning  of 
each  element  is  found — the  meaning  of  the  word 
according  to  its  derivation. 

The  common  or  ordinary  meaning  of  a  word  is 
the  meaning  brought  to  mind  on  hearing  the  word 
pronounced. 

The  literal  meaning  of  inspire  is  "to  breathe  in;'' 
from  in,  in,  and  spir,  to  breathe. 

The  common  or  ordinary  meaning"  is  "to  draw  in 
breath." 

The  literal  meaning  of  deportment  is  "state  of 
carrying  from :"  de,  from ;  port,  carry ;  ment,  state 
of. 

The  common  meaning  is  behavior. 

A  compound   word   is  a  word  made  by  putting 


46  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

together  two  or  more  simple  words :  boat-club,  board- 
ing-house, blackboard,  .  housekeeper,  bookkeeping, 
morning-glory,  forget-me-not,  never-to-be-forgotten. 

A  simple  word  is  a  word  not  compounded — a  word 
not  made  by  putting  together  two  or  more  simple 
words:  boat,  house,  keeper,  formality,  impenetrable, 
incomprehensibility. 

Although  the  hyphen  is  at  present  omitted  in  com- 
pound words  whenever  possible,  it  is  generally  used : 

a.  When  the  first  word  ends  and  the  second  be- 
gins with  a  vowel,  or  with  the  same  letter:  night- 
time, head-dress,  snow-white,  eagle-eyed. 

b.  When  the  compound  ends  with  boat,  drop, 
light,  room,  if  the  first  part  has  more  than  one  syl- 
lable: candle-light,  dwelling-house,  dining-room, 
canal-boat,  water-drop. 

c.  When  numerals  are  compounded  with  words 
of  various  meaning :  two-handed,  one-horse,  fifth-rate, 
three-legged. 

d.  When  a  present  or  perfect  participle  is  com- 
pounded with  a  noun,  adjective,  or  adverb;  good- 
looking,  rose-colored,  plague-stricken,  pear-shaped. 

e.  When  numerals  from  twenty  to  one  hundred 
are  written  in  words:  twenty-one,  sixty- two,  eighty- 
five. 

f.  When  military  or  civil  titles  are  united:  vice- 
president,  lieutenant-governor,  attorney-general,  rear- 
admiral. 

g.  AA'hen  the  omission  would  obscure  the  pronun- 
ciation   or    meaning:    co-worker,    non-essential,    co- 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  47 

tangent,    man-eating,    lady'sslipper,    many-colored, 
fort}'  five-cent  pieces. 

The  hyphen  is  used  to  separate  syllables  in  wordsy 
as  in-sep-a-ra-ble ;  to  connect  the  parts  of  compound 
words,  as  easy-going;  to  unite  the  parts  of  words 
divided  by  lines  in  .writing  or  printing. 

HOW    TO    BEGIN'    WORD-AXALYSIS. 

Show  the  meaning  of  such  suffixes  as  less,  ful,  like, 
ishy  etc.,  and  analyze  as  follows : 

care   less  =  without  care. 

heed  less  =  without  heed. 

fruit  less  =  without  fruit. 

fruit  ful  =  having  (abundance  of)  fruit. 

care   ful  =  having  care. 

harm  ful  =  full  of  harm. 

Use  the  same  suffix  with  many  words  before  in- 
troducing another,  so  as  to  fix  the  form  and  mean- 
ing thoroughly  in  mind. 

Use  the  blackboard  and  make  the  work  oral  until 
it  becomes  familiar.  Then  have  the  analyses  in 
wriiing : 

care  less  -^  without  care, 
care   ful  =  having  care, 
child  ish  =  like  a  child, 
man      ly  =  like  a  man. 

Use  the  work  in  connection  with  reading,  spelling, 
or  language  lessons,  or  as  an  independent  special  or 
general  exercise. 


48  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Introduce  prefixes  such  as  un,  mis,  fore,  over, 
under,  ivith: 

un  real  =  not  real. 
un  like  =  not  like. 
un  certain  =  not  certain . 

Call  attention  to  the  endings  s,  ing,  ed,  er,  est  en: 

ripe  er,  est,   ness,  en. 

hope  s,  ed,    ing,  ful,     less. 

work  s,  ing,  ed,  er. 

change  s,  ing,  ed,  ful,     less,    able. 

tame  s,  ing,  ed,  ness,  less,    able,  ly. 

teach  s,  ing,  ed,  er,      able. 

merry  er,  est,  ly,  ment. 

MORE  ADVANCED   WORK. 

Object : 

a.  The  enrichment  of  the  pupil's  vocabulary. 

b.  The  development  of  the  power  of  defining 
words  through  familiarity  with  their  elements. 

Method  : 

Present  the  stem  and  explain  its  meaning. 

Use  the  stem  with  prefixes,  giving  the  literal  mean- 
ing of  each  resultant  word. 

Have  each  word  used  in  sentences  given  by  pupils. 

Use  the  words  in  spelling  and  dictation  exercises. 

Give  a  new  stem  and  have  pupils  make  a  list  of 
derivatives  by  adding  prefixes. 

Use  the  same  words  with  various  suflSxes. 

Question  pupils  regarding  each  point  in  the  exer- 
cise until  all  terms  are  familiar. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  49 

Ti'}'  to  secure  accuracy  iu  the  use  of  the  words  as 
parts  of  speech — verb,  uouu,  adjective,  etc.  E.  g., 
detain,  to  hold  from;  detention,  act  of  holding  from; 
tenant,  one  who  holds;  tenable,  capable  of  being 
held. 

Exercise  on  the  Stem  Ficril),  to  Write;  Script,  WiHt- 

ten. 
This  stem  has  two  forms  because  the  verb  of  which 
it  is  a  part  is  an  irregular  verb. 

The  first  form  is  the  infinitive  stem;  the  second, 
the  participial  stem. 

de  scribe  =  to  write  concerning. 
circum  scribe  =  to  write  around. 
in  scribe^ to  write  upon. 
pre  scribe  =  to  write  before. 
pro  scribe  =  to  wi'ite  forth. 
trans  scribe  =  to  write  across. 
sub  scribe  =  to  write  under. 
super  scribe  =  to  write  above  or  over. 
con  script  =  written  with. 
post  script  =  written  after. 
re  script  =  written  again. 

script  =  written. 
a  scribe  =  to  write  to. 
The  a  in  ascribe  is  for  ad,  meaning  to  or  toward. 
The  d  is  drbpped  because  the  word  is  more  easily 
pronounced  without  it. 

Exercise  on  Curr  Curs  (Based  on  Sicinton's  Word- 
Analysis)  See  Curr,  Curs,  p.  58. 
What  is  the  meaning  of  this  stem? 
Why  has  it  two  forms? 


50  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

What  is  meant  by  the  current  of  a  stream? 

What  b}^  a  current  report? 

What  by  the  current  number  of  a  magazine? 

What  are  prices  current? 

As  what  parts  of  speech  may  current  be  used? 

What  is  the  ordinary  meaning  of  currency? 

W^hat  was  the  "currency"  of  the  American  In- 
dians? 

What  is  meant  by  "this  report  gained  currency"? 

Why  are  there  two  r's  in  currency? 

What  is  an  excursion? 

W^hat  is  the  meaning  of  the  prefix?     Of  the  suflSx? 

What  is  the  literal  meaning  of  the  word? 

What  is  the  power  of  si  in  this  word? 

What  diacritical  mark  has  u? 

Use  the  word  in  a  sentence. 

What  is  a  "precursor"? 

W^hat  is  the  meaning  of  "These  black  clouds  are 
the  precursor  of  a  storm"? 

What  are  the  antecedent  and  consequent  letters  in 
each  syllable  of  precursor? 

What  word  from  this  stem  means  "a  hostile  at- 
tack"? 

What  word  means  "a  course  of  study"? 

What  is  meant  by  "a  cursory  glance"? 

Give  the  literal  and  common  meaning  of  "curri- 
cle". 

Give  synonyms  of  excursion,  incursion,  precursor. 

Give  synonymous  phrases  for  currency. 

What  prefixes  are  used  with  curr  and  curs?  What 
suffixes? 


ELEMENTAR  Y  S'O  UNDS.  51 

METHODS  OP  ANALYSIS. 

Orthography  is  a  simple  derivative  word  from  the 
Greek  stem  graph  meaning  to  write,  and  the  Greek 
subordinate  element  orthos,  meaning  correct.  The 
suffix  has  no  special  significance.  The  literal  mean- 
ing, therefore,  is  "to  write  correctly."  The  ordinary 
meaning  is  "the  study  which  treats  of  letters,  ele- 
mentary sounds,  diacritical  marks,  spelling,  pronun- 
ciation, articulation,  the  derivation  of  words,  etc." 
Written  analysis : 

orthos  =  correct. 

graph  =  write  or  written. 

1/  =  no  special  significance. 
Indicate  the  derivation  of  revolver: 

re  =  again. 

volv^  roll  (L). 

er  =  that  which. 
What  is  the  etymology  of  preposition? 

pre=  before. 

posit  ^  place  (L). 

ion  =  state. 
What  is  the  literal  meaning  of  etymology? 

True  icoj'd — etym,  true  (G.),  log,  word  (G.). 
What  is  the  <?ommon  meaning? 

The  study  of  word-forms. 
Conductor.      ' 

Directions  for  analysis : 
Separate  =  Qon  duct  or. 

Name  parts  =^  con,  prefix;  duct,  stem;  or,  suffix. 
Give  values  =  con,  with ;  duct,  lead ;  or,  one  who 
Classify  =  con,  prefix    La;  duct,  stem  L. 


B2  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Define  =  a  guide  or  leader. 
Use  =  The  conductor  asked  for  our  tickets. 
Vary  =  The  conductor  was  by  no  means  a  light- 
ning conductor.    He  was  too  slow. 
(Adapted  from  the  Batavia  plan  of  Supt.  Kennedy.) 

MEANINGS    OP    WORDS. 

The  meaning  of  a  word  may  be  literal,  common 
(ordinary),  figurative,  technical. 

The  literal  meaning  of  a  word  is  (a.)  the  meaning 
according  to  its  derivation;  (b.)  the  meaning  it  has 
when  not  used  in  a  figurative  sense. 

The  common  or  ordinary  meaning  of  a  word  is  the 
meaning  brought  to  mind  when  the  word  is  pro- 
nounced. 

The  figurative  meaning  of  a  word  is  a  meaning 
varying  from  the  ordinary  meaning: 

''Bridget,  have  you  dressed  the  chickens?" 

'"Sure,  an'  I  can't  find  any  clothes  for  them  at  all, 
at  all." 

"Here  comes  a  man,"  the  green  plum  cried; 

"I  wonder  what  he's  after." 
"You  watch  your  trunk,"  the  pear  replied, 

"That  fellow  is  a  grafter." 

— Century  Magazine. 

"At  the  top  of  the  street,  the  attorneys  abound  ; 
While  down  at  the  bottom,  the  barges  are  found  ; 
Fly,  Honesty,  fly  to  some  safer  retreat. 
For  there's  craft  in  the  river,  and  craft  in  the  street  1" 

"Contentment  is  a  pearl  of  great  price." 
"Give  us  this  day  our  daily  bread." 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  53 

"A  great  many  children  get  ou  the  wrong  track 
because  the  switch  is  misplaced." 

The  technical  or  special  meaning  of  a  word  is  its 
meaning  when  used  with  reference  to  some  art, 
science,  trade,  or  profession. 

What  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  "link"?  What 
is  its  meaning  according  to  its  derivation?  What 
does  it  mean  in  the  expression  "A  Link  in  the  Chain, 
or  A  Partial  History  of  Jefferson  County"?  What 
is  its  mt^aning  in  surveyor's  measure?  What  are 
"golf  links"?  What  was  a  "link-boy"?  What  was 
the  "link"  that  the  "link-boy"  carried?  How  many 
meanings  are  assigned  in  Webster's  Unabridged 
Dictionary  to  "line." 

SYNONYM S_,   ETC. 

Synonyms  are  words  of  similar  meaning,  such  as 
honest,  upright,  true,  faithful,  trusty,  frank,  candid. 

Antonyms  are  words  of  opposite  meaning,  such  as 
cold,  hot;  wet,  dry;  thick,  thin;  early,  late;  good, 
bad. 

Homonyms  are  words  alike  in  sound,  as  deer,  dear ; 
hare,  hair;  rain,  rein,  reign;  write,  wright,  right, 
rite. 

Paronyms  are  derivatives  from  a  common  stem : 
charm,  charmei;,  charming,  charmingly,  charmless, 
charmed,  charms. 

Eponyms  are  derivatives  from  proper  nouns :  Bos- 
tonian,  Detroiter,  American,  Dowieite. 

The  study  of  synonyms,  synonymous  expressions, 
ayd  antonyms,  is  a  mental  exercise  of  great  value. 


54  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

It  tends  to  enrich  the  vocabulary,  to  give  variety  to 
expression,  to  cultivate  care  in  the  choice  of  words 
and  to  aid  in  forming  a  habit  of  closely  consider- 
ing differences  of  meaning. 

Homonyms  can  be  used  effectively  in  spelling 
•work,  and  paronyms  and  eponyms  offer  suggestions 
of  value  in  beginning  the  study  of  word-analysis  or 
derivation. 

SYLLABICATION. 

Syllabication  is  the  division  of  words  into -sylla- 
bles. 

A  word  of  one  syllable  is  a  monosyllable. 

A  dissyllable  is  a  word  of  two  syllables. 

A  trisyllable  is  a  word  of  three  syllables. 

A  polysyllable  is  a  word  of  more  than  three  sylla- 
bles. 

The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  sometimes  called  the 
ultima. 

The  penult,  or  penultimate  syllable,  is  the  syllable 
next  to  the  last. 

The  antepenult  is  the  last  syllable  but  two  in  a 
word. 

The  preantepenult  is  the  last  syllable  but  three. 

Syllabication  (a.)  helps  to  indicate  the  pronun- 
ciation of  words;  (b.)  may  indicate  their  derivation 
or  composition. 

ACCENT 

Accent  is  making  one  or  more  syllables  of  a  word 
especially  prominent.  * 


ELEAfENTA  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  55 

Primary  accent  is  the  principal  accent  in  a  word. 

Secondary  accent  is  a  lesser  accent  in  a  word  hav- 
ing more  than  one  accent :  com' pre-hen' si- ble. 

Tertiary  accent  is  a  lesser  accent  in  a  word  having 
primary  and  secondary  accent:  in-com' pre-hen 'si- 
bil'i-ty. 

Radical  accent  is  accent  on  the  root  or  stem  syl- 
lable of  a  word. 

Rules  of  Accent. 

As  a  rule,  words  of  two  syllables  are  accented  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  words  of  more  than  two  syl- 
lables on  the  third  syllable  from  the  last;  but  the 
rule  has  many  exceptions. 

Two-syllabled  nouns  are  frequently  accented  on  the 
first  syllable,  while  verbs  and  adjectives  of  the  same 
spelling  are  accented  on  the  last. 

ac'  cent  ac  cent'  per'  fume  per  fume' 

con^  duct  con  duct'  rec'  ord  re  cord' 

ex'  tract  ex  tract'  trans'  fer  trans  fer' 

ob'  ject  ob  ject'  sub'  ject  sub  ject' 

But  the  word  address  should  not  be  accented  on 
the  first  syllable,  and  the  word  cement  is  usually 
accented  on  the  gecond. 

Many  two-syllabled  words  of  French  origin  are 
accented  on  the  last  syllable :  fatigue,  machine,  an- 
tique, ravine,  croquet,  crochet. 

Words  of  more  than  two  syllables,  ending  in  ate, 
fy,  ty,  ude,  preceded  by  a  single  consonant,  are 
usually  accented  on  the  antepenult:  del'e-gate, 

ag'gra-vate,  im'pli-cate,  rep'ro-bate,  veu'ti-late, 
mag'ni-fy,  ver'i-ty,  for'ti-tude. 


56  OBTHOGEAPHY  AND 

Words  having  the  sound  of  sh  in  the  last  syllable 
are  accented  on  the  penult:  ex-ten 'sion,  pro-mo 't ion, 
in-ter-jec'tion,  co-er'cion,  ex-cur 'sion,  etc. 

LIST  OF   IMPORTANT  PREFIXES. 

[English.] 

a  =  at,  in,  on.  fore  =  before. 

6e  =  to  make,  by.  mis  =  wrong. 

en  (em)  ^in,  on,  to  make.  om^  =  beyond. 

for  =  not,  from.  over  =  above. 

to  :=  the,  this.  under  =  beneath. 

un  =  not,  opposite  act.        wnth  ^=  against,  from. 

Examples:  Ahead,  a-blaze,  a-shore,  be-numb, 
beside,  because,  en-circle,  em-bark,  em-power,  for- 
bid, for-bear,  fore-sight,  fore-shadow,  mis-rule,  mis- 
apply, out-break,  over-rule,  to-night,  unable,  un-de- 
ceive,  undermine,  under-rate,  withstand,  withhold. 

[Latin  Prefixes.] 

ah  (abs)=from.  wira  =  within. 

iad  (a,  ac,  af,  ag,  al,  an,  mt/o  =  within, 

ap,  ar,  as,  at)  =to.  juxta  =  next  to. 

ante  =  before.  non  =  not. 

hi  (bis)  =:two,  twice.  oh  (oc,  of,  op)=  in  front, 
circum  (circu)  =  around.         in  the  way,  against. 

tFor  the  sake  of  euphony  the  last  letter  of  the  prefix  is 
often  changed  to  the  first  letter  of  the  root,  or  is  dropped. 
Such  consonant  changes  are  examples  of  assimilation — see 
assimilation  of  consonants,  p.  11. 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  57 

con  (CO,  col,  com,  cor)  =     per  =  through,  thoroughly. 

with,  together.  post  =  after. 

contra  (counter)  =  against.pre^er  =  beyond. 
(Ic  =  clown,  from,   concern- pre  =  before. 

ing.  pro  =  for,  forth. 

dis  (di,  dif)  =  apart,  not,  re  =  back  or  again. 

opposite  act.  reiro  =  backward. 

ex  (e,  ec,  ef  )==  out  of,  from.sem*  =  half. 
extra  =  beyond.  se  =  aside. 

in   (il,  im,  ir)  =  in,  on  (in    sme=^  without. 

verbs  and  nouns)  ;   not    siib   (sue,  suf,  sug,  sup, 

(in  adj's  and  nouns).  sus)  ==  under. 

inter  =  between. 

suiter  =  under.  ultra  =  beyond. 

super  =  above,  over.  vice  =  instead  of. 

trans  =  over,  beyond. 

Examples  :  abnormal,  abstain,  administer,  ascend, 
accustom,  affix,  annex,  apportion,  attain,  antedate, 
bivalve,  circumnavigate,  condole,  co-educate,  com- 
press, correspond,  contradistinction,  counterbalance, 
demerit,  disinter,  disseminate,  diffident,  export,  eject, 
eccentric,  extraordinary,  import,  illegitimate,  irrev- 
erent, intercommerce,  intramural,  introduce,  juxta- 
position, noucombatant,  object,  project,  reject,  sub- 
ject, (L.  jacere,  to  throw),  oppress,  permanent,  per- 
vade, post-meridian,  prefix,  preternatural,  pronoun, 
rebound,  retrograde,  select,  semicircle,  sinecure,  sub- 
let, succumb,  suppress,  subterranean,  supernatural, 
surpass,  transcontinental,  traverse,  ultra-marine, 
vice-ro3'al. 


58 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


[Latin 

sterns.] 

ag 

l)at=stvike,  beat. 

act — drive,  do. 

hell=war. 

anim=^\\ie,  mind,  soul. 

J)rev=short. 

ann 
enn=year. 

&i<rs=purse. 

agM=water. 

capt 
dp 

aud=hear. 

cept 

ceii;e=take,  seize. 

aug 

awct=increase. 

capt 

ced 

ceed 
ceas 

capit 
cipit 
ciput=l[iead. 

cess=go,  yield. 

dud 

cew^=hundred. 

clus^shut. 

cred 

d£nt=tooth. 

cr€dit=Xvust. 

die 

cor 

dict=saj,  speak. 

cord=heavt. 

due 

corp 

duct=\ead. 

corpoi^=ho(lj. 

doc 

cura  (eM»-)=care. 

doct^ieach. 

cur 

exempl=^attern. 

curr 

fer 

curs 

lat=hving  forth,  carry, 

coHrs=run. 

ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


59 


fac 

greg 

faet 

grex — flock,  herd. 

fie 
fee 
feet=m2ike,  do. 

gen 

^ewe/'=kind,  class,  race, 

her 

/esf=feast. 

/les^stick. 

^n=end,  limit. 

7/fl&i7=live,  dwell. 

^rw=strong,  steadfast. 

Jiospit 

fleet 

(/tost)^host,  guest. 

flex=hejid. 

jac 
ject 

foli 

jef=throw. 

foil=^leaf. 

leg 

fore 

lect=c\ioose,  gather. 

fort=strong. 

leg — law. 

fract 

7/&e>'=free. 

/ra«5r=break. 

7j^ero=letter. 

fiu 
fiii.r=Qow. 

loqu 
lociit=SY)eak. 

fund 
fus=pour,  melt. 

man 

{main)  =hand. 

grad 

mater 

gress=steip,  go. 

matr 

grat 

mat  r=mother. 

^rac^pleasing,  favor, 

mit 

thankful. 

miss — send. 

60 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


mov 

rex 

mot^move. 

reg 

not 

7-ct'<=rule. 

(no6)=know,  mark. 

riv — stream. 

Mor=new. 

rofj 

ninnber=n\imbev. 

rogat=ask. 

pater 
pa^/''=father. 

rupt=hreak. 
seri;;=keep,  serve. 

pel 
2JuZs=drive. 

sec 

SCC'f=CUt. 

pend 

pens — hang. 

sequ 
secut=^fo]\ow. 

ped 
pod=foot. 

sed 
sess 
sid — sit. 

port=carTy. 

scrih 

pon 

posit=put,  place. 

scnpf= write. 
spir 

prim 

spirat 

p>i?i=rfirst. 

spir/^=breathe. 

press=press. 

spec 

punct=i)o'mt. 

spic 
spect^]o6k. 

plic 

pUcat 

plicit 

solv 
sohit=\oosen. 

p7ea?=fold. 

SO?l=SOUDd. 

ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


61 


sta 

voc 

Stat 

V0Cat=Q2i\\. 

statut 

vine 

stit 

stitu 

sist^stand. 

i;/ci=reonquer. 

ven 

t;cw<=come. 

sum 

sum2)t^=take,  use,  spend. 

i;er&=word. 
vid 

tang 

vis 

tact 
tig=touch. 

{vey)=see. 
val 

trail 

valid 

/racf=dra\v.  pull. 

(ia/Z)=be  strong. 

tort 

vi 

torn 

r«a=way. 

/or7H=twist. 

t(n^=one. 

tcr 

<Zi<=two. 

/cr;-^earth. 

tr/=three. 

fc;»p=time. 

qiiat 

tend 

quair 

tent 

qiiadr:=fouv. 

fc«s^stretch. 

qiiin 

ten 

quint^&ye. 

tin 

sex 

tent 

sext=^s\x. 

tain^=ho\d. 

octo 

vert 

octav=eight. 

rers=turn. 

noi-em^nine. 

volv 

decern 

volut==vo\\. 

decim==Un,  tenth. 

62 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


{Greek  Prefixes.] 

a  (an)=without,  not.  en  (cm)^iu,  on. 

amphi^=hoth,  around.  epi  (ep)^upon. 

awa=up,  back,  through,  hijper^over. 

anti  (ant)=against,  hypo=under. 

opposite.  ^^^^^^  (met)=beyond, 

cZia^through.  change. 

Examples:  Atheist,  anarchy,  amphitheater,  angu- 
lar, anti-slavery,  diameter,  engraft,  epidermis,  hyper- 
critical, metaphysical,  hypocritical. 


[Greek  Stems.] 


arch  =  rule. 
archd  =chief . 

astr 

aster  =  star. 

ae;'=air. 
auto  =  self. 
hi  =  life. 
6^6;  =  book. 
chron  =  time. 
cZoa?  =glory,  praise. 
etymo  =  true. 
ge  =  earth. 
gno  =  know. 


gram 

gramm  =  letter. 

graph  =  write. 

helio  ^=  sun. 

hydr  =  water. 

Zo^  =  speech,  word, 

science  of. 
nth  =  stone. 

meter 

metr  =  measure. 

mon 

mono  =  single,  one,  alone. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  i^O  UNDS. 


63 


orwif  7i=bird. 

ort^o=correct. 

os^e=bone. 

o«y>;j=naiiie. 

pof/i=feeling,  suffering. 

p/H7^1ove. 

p/ton=sound. 

p7iOS 
p/ioi=light. 

p/irew=brain. 
p7if/iowp=sound. 
p7it/si=natui*e. 
po7is=city. 
r/j,e=flow,  speak. 

scop=see,  watch. 


so2)/i=wise. 

faiP=arrangement,  order 

fec7i«:=art. 

f/je=god. 

t/je=put,  place. 

tijp^=heat,  strike. 

;vO=animal,  life. 

tetra=four. 

penta^&ye. 

hexa^=s\x. 

7iepta=seveii. 

hecto 

heca 

hekta 

7iefcio=hundred. 


A  LIST  OF  SOME  IMPORTANT  SUFFIXES. 


[Noun  Suffixes.] 

an,  ant,  ent,  ar,  er,  or,  ard,  ary,  eer,  ier,  ist,  ive, 
s#er=one  who  does  or  is. 

ate,  ee,  ite,  ii-e=one  who  is,  one  to  whom. 

ary,  ery,  ori/=place  where. 

acy,  age,  al,  ance,  ancy,  dom,  ence,  ency,  hood,  ing, 
ion,  ism,  ment,  mony,  ness,  ry,  ship,  th,  tude,  ty,  or 
ity,  ure,  «/=state,  quality,  act. 

cle,  cule,  ie  or  y,  kin,  en,  let,  ling,  ock,  ule,  ette= 
diminutives. 


W  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

[Adjective  Suffixes.] 

al   an,  ar,  ary,  ic  or  ical,  id,  tic,  ine,  ory  =  per- 
taining to. 
ate,  aceotis,  ful,  ose,  ous,  some,  7/=full  of,  or  having. 
ahle,  hie,  ihlc,  /7c=tliat  may  or  can  be. 
i^ie^^^having  power. 
ish,  like,  ly=\ike. 
?css=without. 
eij=made  of. 

ant,  enf^being  or  doing. 
oicZ^shaped  like,  baving  the  form  of,  like. 

[Verb  Suffixes.] 
ate,  en,  fy,  ish,  isc  or  ice  =  to  make. 

lAdverh  Suffixes.] 

ly,  tvise  =  manner. 
em,  icard  =  direction . 

Examples  of  Suffixes:  Comedian,  defendant, 
adherent,  scholar,  scribbler,  surveyor,  wizard,  mis- 
sionary, auctioneer,  cashier,  monoi>olist,  operative, 
punster,  associate,  assignee,  favorite,  captive,  apiary 
(L.  apis,  a  bee),  hennery,  observatory,  supremacy, 
pilgrimage,  recital,  forbearance,  expectancy,  martyr- 
dom, abhorrence,  transparency,  likelihood,  rehears- 
ing, rebellion,  barbarism,  atonement,  holiness,  matri- 
money,  pleasantry,  apprenticeship,  depth,  solitude, 
brevity,    rapture,    particle,    animalcule,    Sammy, 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  65 

Willie,  lambkin,  kitten,  brooklet,  duckling,  hillock 
globule,  cigaret,  celestial,  suburban,  planetary*, 
oceanic,  astronomical,  puerile  (L.  puer,  a  child),, 
declamatory,  grateful,  frolicsome,  flowery,  habitable, 
convertible,  corrective,  knavish,  matronly,  fruitless, 
errant,  brazen. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

SOME    RULES    FOR    SPELLING. 

A  few  of  the  rules  for  spelling,  if  taught  induct- 
ively, will  be  of  great  value  to  the  pupil.  Here- 
with are  given  a  few  of  the  most  useful  ones ;  teach- 
ers should  supplement  them  with  illustrative  exer- 
cises. 

1.  When  adding  a  suffix  beginning  with  a  vowel 
to  words  of  one  syllable  ending  in  a  single  conso- 
nant preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  or  to  words  of 
more  than  one  syllable  ending  in  the  same  way  and 
accented  on  the  last  syllable,  double  the  final  con- 
sonant. 

[/i.  and  8  in  derivatives  of  gas.  are  the  only  excep- 
tions to  this  rule.] 

Give  reasons  for  the  following  spelling:  Spin- 
ning, wrapping,  reaping,  forming,  compelling,  re- 
vealing, entrapping,  rendering,  preferred,  appeared. 

Explanation  :     Spin  ends  in  one  consonant,  the 


66  OBTHOORAPHY  AND 

consonant  is  preceded  by  one  vowel ;  hence  we  double 
the  n  before  the  suffix  ing,  and  have  spinning.  In 
reaping  we  don't  double  the  p  because  two  vowels 
precede  it.  In  this  manner  apply  the  rule  to  many 
cases. 

2.  When  a  syllable  beginning  with  e,  i  or  y  is 
added  to  a  word  ending  with  c,  k  is  inserted  after 
c  to  prevent  it  from  taking  the  sound  of  s :  trafficker, 
picnicking,  frolicking ,  etc. 

3.  Final  e  is  omitted  before  suffixes  beginning 
with  a  voAvel,  except  when  it  is  needed  to  keep  c  or  g 
soft,  or  when  its  omission  would  obscure  the  pro- 
nunciation or  meaning. 

Examples:  Giving,  having,  singeing,  charging, 
chargeable,  fencing,  peaceable,  subduing,  conducive. 

4.  When  adding  any  termination,  except  one 
that  begins  with  i,  to  words  that  end  in  y  preceded 
by  a  consonant,  change  y  to  i:  easy,  easily;  lad}% 
ladies. 

[The  derivatives  of  dry,  shy  and  sky,  are  excep- 
tions.]' 

Examples:  Families,  turkeys,  essays,  cherries, 
valleys,  berries. 

5.  Change  ie  to  y  before  the  suffix  ing:  lie,  lying; 
die,  dying ;  tie,  tying. 

6.  In  spelling  words  like  believe  and  receive,  let 
i  follow  1,  and  e  follow  c:  relief,  conceit;  belief,  ceil- 
ing; lief,  receipt. 

SUGGESTIONS    TO    TEACHERS. 

Some  pupils  are  born  spellers ;  most  pupils  are  not. 
All  pupils  can  become  pretty  fair  spellers. 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.  67 

Don't  depend  on  the  regular  daily  spelling  exer- 
cise alone  to  teach  spelling. 

Spell  in  every  recitation.  Spell  a  few  of  the  diflfi- 
cult  words  of  each  lesson.  As  soon  as  pupils  learn 
to  write,  begin  each  recitation  by  a  spelling  test, 
written  or  oral,  of  from  three  to  twenty  words. 

Pronounce  the  derivatives  of  common  words.  Don' t 
be  content  with  "divide,"  but  pronounce  "division," 
"dividing,"  "divisor,"  "divisible;"  not  only  "can- 
eel,"  but  "canceling,"   "cancellation,"*  "canceled." 

Underscore  the  misspelled  words  in  every  written 
exercise.  Eequire  pupils  to  correct  these  words  and 
copy  in  a  memorandum  book. 

Plan  for  frequent  spelling  matches  on  these  mis- 
spelled wordS;  and  others. 

Spell  down  on  lists  of  class  words,  i.  e.,  kitchen 
words,  carx^enter'  s  words,  farm  words,  etc.  Create  a 
spelling  spirit  by  frequent  matches.  Spell  class  against 
class,  grade  against  grade,  boys  against  girls,  etc. 

Do  not  neglect  oral  spelling.  It  helps  to  perfect 
articulation,  pronunciation  and  syllabication. 

Dwell  most,  especially  with  poor  spellers,  on  words 
which  the  pupil  will  use  in  his  daily  life  and  work. 

NEW  AND  IMPROVED  MANNER  OF  SPELLING  DOWN. 

In  spelling  down  use  this  plan  : 

1.  Choose  sides. 

2.  Seat  pupils  so  that  those  on  opposite  sides  will 
alternate. 

3.  Let  all  pupils  write  every  word,  numbering 
words  carefully  on  their  papers. 

4.  Spell  no  word  with  a  cai^ital  unless  it  is  one 
that  always  requires  a  capital.     "     

*  Cancelation  accor<\ing  to  the  Standard  Dictionary. 


68  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

5.  After  the  words  are  written,  let  the  writer  place 
his  name  on  the  paper  and  pass  it  to  a  pui^il  of  the 
opposing  side  for  correction. 

6.  Let  the  teacher  give  clearly  the  correct  spelling 
of  every  word,  a  check  mark  being  placed  after  each 
ward  missed. 

7.  Let  pupil  who  corrects  a  paper  place  his 
name  to  the  paper  and  state  the  number  of  the  word 
first  missed  on  the  paper  he  corrects,  and  also  the. 
number  of  words  missed  on  that  paper.  A  word 
omitted  should  be  counted  missed. 

8.  Exchange  papers  again,  so  that  each  may  hare 
his  own  x)aper. 

9.  Give  a  minute  or  two  for  appeals. 

10.  Let  the  two  sides  stand  opposite  each  other  in  the 
room. 

11.  The  teacher  says:  All  who  missed  the  first 
word  may  he  seated;  second  word,  third  and  so  on, 
pupils  talcing  their  seats  as  fast  as  the  number  of 
their  first  ivord  missed  is  called;  so  on  to  the  finish. 
Of  course  the  last  one  standing  has  fairly  spelled  the 
school  down  because  he  has  spelled  every  word  till  the 
one  missed. 

12.  After  all  are  down,  ask  all  to  rise  in  their  places 
again  and  take  this  test :  All  who  missed  twenty  or 
more  words  be  seated ;  nineteen,  eighteen  and  so  on 
down  to  one;  in  this  way  ascertain  who  is  the  best 
speller. 

WOEDS   FOR   SPELLING   TESTS. 

X.  E.  A.  Cleveland  Spelling  Test. 

At  the  Cleveland  meeting  of  the  National  Educa- 
tional Association,  in  which  a  colored  girl  won  first 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


69 


rank,  the 

national 

"bromide' 

on  them : 

which 

separate 

develop 

whether 

February 

benefited 

grammar 

accommodate 

embarrass 

business 

acquiesce 

privilege 

parallel 

judgment 

until 

management 

analysis 

lettuce 

elm 

precede 

occasion 

divisible 

chargeable 

supersede 

occurrence 

committee 

disappear 

mischief 


following  100  words  were  given  in  the 
si)elling  contest.  Unless  you  are  a 
you  will  turn  your  advanced  pupils  loose 


pursue 

origin 

exercise 

handkerchief 

potato 

iron 

together 

beginning 

surprise 

thorough 

negroes 

fulfill 

j)rincipal 

professor 

descendant 

government 

analyze 

detached 

governor 

cleanse 

vertical 

prejudice 

regretted 

noticeable 

restaurant 

curiosity 

miniature 

poem 


umbrella 

persevere 

Arctic 

particular 

adjacent 

pumpkin 

except 

recognize 

similar 

admittance 

irrelevant 

foreigner 

deceit 

hygiene 

siege 

niece 

alley 

ceiling 

chimney 

necessarily 

partition 

capitol 

muscle 

preparation 

victuals 

disease 

millinery 

sovereiun 


70 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


character 

several 

laboratory 

balloon 

geography 

cistern 

1.  cornice 

2.  vinegar 

3.  hominy 

4.  succotash 

5.  porridge 

6.  basin. 

7.  pewter 

8.  suet 

9.  turkeys 

10.  cookies 

11.  chimneys 

12.  jellies 

13.  succeed 

14.  precede  , 

15.  proceed 

16.  recede 

17.  concede  ^' 

18.  supersede 

19.  intercede  '' 

20.  bilious     :  ' 

Sixty 

1.  persistence  W 

2.  grateful 

3.  specimen 

4.  apparatus 

5.  recompense 

6.  analysis 

7.  receipt 

8.  parallel 

9.  participle 


reverend 

misspell 

equipage 

cemetery 

conscience 


mischievous 

architect 

stationary 

athletic 

convenient 


Sixty  Common  Words. 

21.  yeast  41.  accordion 


22.  sieve 

23.  seize 

24.  panel 

25.  cistern 

26.  zincky 

27.  emptyings 

28.  biscuit 

29.  knead 

30.  cellar 

31.  clevis 

32.  colter 

33.  ballot 

34.  celery 

35.  separate 

36.  salad 

37.  napkin 

38.  frolicking 

39.  valleys 

40.  beefsteak 


42.  diphtheria 

43.  tranquility 

44.  dissipate 

45.  lilies 

46.  billiards 

47.  hare-lip 

48.  exaggerate 

49.  tyrannical 

50.  numbskull 

51.  erysipelas 

52.  frolicsome 

53.  vaccinate 

54.  collision 

55.  excelled 

56.  sensible 

57.  legible 

58.  recommend 
5^.  precise 

60.  prejudice 


Words  not  Quite  so  Common. 

10.  auxiliary  V"  19.  bounteous 

11.  amateur  20.  transferred 

12.  novice  21.  philosopny 

13.  intercept  22.  physiology 

14.  statistics  23.  psychology 

15.  accommodate        24.  genuine 

16.  censure  25.  facilitate 

17.  promissory  26.  discern 

18.  reference  27.  suspicion 


ELEMENTAB  Y  SO  UNDS. 


71 


28.  conceal 

39. 

accede 

50. 

bargain 

29.  conceive 

40. 

exceed 

51. 

tolerate 

30.  possess 

41. 

amicable 

52. 

crystallize 

31.  ventilate  \ 

42. 

balance 

53. 

carriage 

32.  license : 

43. 

obstacle 

54. 

reversible 

33.  affidavit 

44. 

definite 

55. 

collectible  > 

34.  dimension 

45. 

fugitive 

56. 

adjacent 

35.  guarantee 

46. 

occurrence 

57. 

plenteous 

36.  rarity  ^ 

47. 

audible 

58. 

complete 

37.  serviceable 

48. 

admissible 

59. 

disperse 

38.  changing 

49. 

precision  /^^ 

60. 

admittance 

Try  Th 

esefor  Hard  Ones. 

1.  gauge 

26. 

ghoul 

51. 

beleaguer 

2.  guerrilla  '^ 

27. 

fusillade 

52. 

crusader 

3.  cuirassier 

28. 

cynical 

53. 

accouterments 

4.  porphyry 

29. 

inflammatory 

54. 

peculiarly 

5.  paraphernalia 

30. 

sesterces 

55. 

gauntlets 

6.  whinney 

31. 

baldric 

56. 

turban 

7.  mullein 

32. 

superfluous 

57. 

vantageless 

8.  novitiate 

33. 

acetylene 

58. 

heraldry 

9.  vicissitude 

34. 

insufferable 

59. 

triumphal 

10.  apprehensive 

35. 

colonies 

60. 

architraves 

11.  rhinoceros 

36. 

eradicated 

61. 

infinitude 

12.  momentum 

37. 

ignominiously 

62. 

mnemonics 

13.  versatile 

38. 

insidious 

63. 

apocalypse 

14.  hauberk 

39. 

exultation 

64. 

idiosyncrasy 

15.  pennoncel 

40. 

caricatured 

65. 

plagiarism 

16.  poniard 

41. 

grotesque 

66. 

surcingle 

17.  chanticleer  . 

42. 

Saracen 

67. 

mademoiselle 

18.  invulnerable 

43. 

Pentateuch 

68. 

initiation 

19.  apostasy 

44. 

nonpareil 

69. 

mayoralty 

20.  bicycle 

45. 

indelible 

70. 

recision 

21.  bowie-knife 

46. 

millionaire 

71. 

Pyrrhonism  V 

22.  caisson 

47. 

sanatory 

72. 

,  desiccate  '•"' 

23.  euchre 

48. 

alpaca 

73. 

apologetic 

24.  elecampane 

49. 

meerschaum 

74. 

supinely 

25.  exchequer 

50. 

terrify 

75. 

subjugation 

72 


OBTHOOBAPHY  AND 


76.  apparition 

77.  earthquake 

78.  injustice 

79.  oppression 

80.  rebellious 

81.  precautions 

82.  penetrating 

83.  unpracticed 

84.  Numidian 

85.  Thracians 

86.  Spartacus 

87.  lachrymal 

88.  camomile 

89.  cavalier 

90.  millennium 

91.  stadtholder 

92.  colonelcy 

93.  hygiene 

94.  labyrinth 

95.  inimitable 

96.  dexterity 


97.  illusory  f/" 

98.  artifice 

99.  agility 

100.  presumption 

101.  embroidered 

102.  couchant 

103.  cylindrical 

104.  judicature 

105.  inoculate    < 

106.  isosceles 

107.  caoutchouc 

108.  purslain    ' 

109.  bacchanaliam 

110.  anachronism 

111.  corpuscle 

112.  chenille 

113.  corypheus 

114.  aphyllous. 

115.  saccharine 

116.  monarchial 

117.  chauffeur 
MICHIGAN'S  800. 


118.  cavalier 

119.  uncouth 

120.  venerable 

121.  colleague 

122.  predestined 

123.  clemency 

124.  conflagration 

125.  solace 

126.  Pleiades 

127.  Sadducee 

128.  California 

129.  tenet 

130.  vicar 

131.  pyrites 

132.  delusive 

133.  Tennessee 

134.  deleble  l-^ 

135.  chute 

136.  wangan 

137.  fuguing 

138.  Delaware 


The  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  of  Mich- 
igan in  1895  arranged  for  a  State  Spelling  Contest  and 
sent  out  a  list  of  words  to  be  used  in  district,  town- 
ship, and  county  tests.  The  words  were  collected  from 
misspelled  words  in  correspondence,  examination 
papers,  and  words  which  experience  in  the  schoolroom 
had  shown  to  be  troublesome. 

Believing  that  spelling  is  taught  more  practically 
when  the  words  to  be  studied  are  woven  into  para- 
graphs that  call  attention  to  their  meaning,  the  fol- 
lowing paragraphs  were  arranged  so  as  to  include  the 
list  of  eight  hundred  words  before  mentioned. 

These  exercises  should  be  written  by  pupils  from 
dictation  of  teacher ;  and,  for  convenience  in  marking, 
the  particular  words  to  be  note^  in  each  are  printed 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  73 

in  italics  and  their  number  indicated  by  figmes  in 
parenthesis,  no  word  being  twice  italicized. 

The  capital  city  of  Michigan  is  a  capital  place  in 
which  to  reside,  and  from  the  Capitol  dome  a  fine  view 
of  the  surrounding  country  can  be  gained. — (9). 

The  small  boy  who  addressed  this  epistle  to  Superin- 
tendent Fattengill  is  by  no  means  the  only  individual 
who  cannot  spell  his  name  correctly. — (8). 

The  dairy  maid  each  loeck  sold  the  butter  she  nuide, 
and  every  Saturday  night  spent  some  time  adding  up 
the  sum  of  her  small  earnings. — (12). 

When  the  mail  arrived,  we  learned  that  a  male  cousin 
was  coming  on  the  next  train,  with  the  seven,  small 
children  who  always  accompanied  him  on  his  annual 
travels. — (11). 

He  was  particularly  fond  of  this  one  daughter,  and 
when  he  found  her  studying  arithmetic,  grammar, 
physiology,  history,  and  physical  geography,  all  in  one 
year,  he  shook  his  head  doubtfully  and  feared  con- 
tinually lest  she  should  develop  brain  fever  in  conse- 
quence.— (  20.) 

It  was  a  business  principle  of  his  that  the  smaller 
the  inincipal  invested,  the  better  should  be  the  security 
furnished,  since  irresponsible  individuals  often  borroio 
small  amounts  with  no  intention  of  repaying. — (16.) 

English  grammar  was  her  bugbear  and  she  never 
could  see  the  difference  betiveen  a  participle  used  as  a 
part  of  the  predicate,  and  a  participial  adjective.  So 
she  went  to  the  Ypsilanti  Normal  one  term  and  devoted 
her  entire  attention  to  the  study  of  her  native  tongue, 
the  result  being  that  she  finally  obtained  the  coveted 
certificate  to  teach. — (  24. ) 


74  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

^he  nuptial  rite  was  concluded  and  the  minister  was 
pausing  to  tonYe  down  the  names  of  the  newly  wedded 
pair,  when  right  down  the  center  of  the  aisle  came  a 
crazy  looking  creature  who  cried,  "  I'll  forbid  the  banns, 
if  no  one  else  will." — ( 19.) 

Teachers  too  often  forget  that  the  diagram  should 
be  employed  only  as  a  means  to  an  end,  like  any 
other  object  lesson;  and  whenever  the  pupil  is  unable 
to  analyze  without  diagraming  as  he  goes,  it  is  time 
to  cast  this  method  aside  altogether.  It  is  "cram- 
ming,'' not  teaching,  when  the  means  becomes  the  end 
of  analysis.  — (  15. ) 

Ben  had  been  a  naughty  boy  for  so  many  months 
that  his  aunt  decided  he  must  be  kept  at  home  from 
the  husking  bee  as  a,  punishment  for  his  wilfulness. — 
(12.) 

The  moderator  of  our  district  was  a  bitter  enemy 
of  both  the  treasurer  and  director,  and  publicly  de- 
clared his  belief  that  iiAe?/  were  in  league  to  fill  ^/teir 
own  jyockets  by  padding  the  census  list,  though  the 
director  had  made  affidavit  before  the  proper  officer  that 
it  was  correct.  —  (21. ) 

The  guardian  of  the  child  that  lies  buried  on  yonder 
hill-top,  has  been  accused  of  criminal  complicity  in  \^ 
death,  as  he  had  recently  taken  out  an  insurance  policy 
on  its  life,  payable  to  himself. — ( 13. ) 

One  of  the  scholars  in  the  primary  department  one 
day  fell  into  convulsions,  lohich  were  supposed  to  be 
induced  by  the  green  apples  he  had  ea^ew  in  disobedi- 
ence to  his  parents'  command.  Several  pupils  were 
sent  for  awZ,  but  he  remained  unconscious  until  the 
doctor  came.  — ( 18. ) 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  75 

The  societies  he  organized  were  numerous  and  all 
bore  different  names,  though  without  much  real  differ- 
ence in  the  principles  underlying  them  or  the  objects 
they  sought. — (13. ) 

He  was  truly  thankful  for  the  opportunity  to  earn  so 
large  an  income,  and  i^eceived  the  news  of  his  promotion 
with  such  evident  delight  as  caused  his  father  immedi- 
ately to  acquiesce  in  his  desire  to  ?eaye  home,  even 
though  against  his  oi^w  interest. — ( 20.) 

With  a  large  awl  he  pierced  a  ^oZe  through  the  can- 
u«,s  and  /^reio  himself  down  behind  a  big  tree  that 
acood  conveniently  near  the  tent,  thus  managing  to  gain 
a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  interior  and  a?Z  its  dusJcy  in- 
habitanis. — ( 15. ) 

He  dreamed  visions  of  himself  acting  as  aid  to  the 
commander-in-chief  of  the  armies,  and  was  positive 
that  he  should  ^eio  fZouvi  all  obstacles  to  his  advance- 
ment, as  successfully  as  any  brave  knight  of  old  ever 
cut  his  way  through  an  opposing  phalanx  of  mailed 
warriors.  —  ( 17. ) 

A  city  maiden,  wearing  a  jaunty  Eton  jacket  and 
possessed  of  majiy  coquettish  airs  and  graces,  created 
such  a  commotion  among  the  rexwesentatives  of  the 
sterner  sex  present  at  the  village  ball,  that  her  girl 
companions  grew  quite  jealous  and  began  to  ccw^  aftoit^ 
for  some  method  of  recalling  the  rustic  swains  to  their 
senses. — (30. ) 

A  sudden  sneeze  caused  the  epiglottis  to  fly  open  just 
in  season  for  a  bit  of  food  to  pass  into  the  trachea 
instead  of  the  esophagus,  when  such  a  fit  of  coughing 
ensued  as  nearly  choked  the  unfortunate  child  to  death. 
-(11.) 


76  OBTHOGBAPHY  AND 

The  surgeon  who  was  summoned  to  set  the  broJcen 
humerus,  seemed  to  be  always  in  a  humorous  mood,  and 
was  so  jolly  that  his  face  was  fairly  seamed  with  the 
wrinkles  caused  by  his  habit  of  laughing  so  much. — 
(13.) 

My  son  who  had  won  a  great  reputation  as  a  singer, 
sat  before  the  glowing  grate  with  one  foot  on  the  fender, 
gazing  through  the  window  at  the  ruddy  hue  cast  over 
the  landscape  by  the  setting  sun,  and  watching  it  fade 
into  a  dun  gray,  while  he  softly  sang  Longfellow^ s  won- 
derful poem,  "The  Day  is  Done.^^ — (25.) 

The  drunken  Bane  did  not  deign  to  heed  the  com- 
mands of  the  policeman;  and  the  more  liquor  he  drank 
the  noisier  he  grew,  until  arrested  and  carried  off  to 
the  ^'aiZ  where  he  could  xwocure  no  more  ''old  rye." — 
(12.) 

John' s  various  friends  one  and  all,  respectively  tried 
to  awaken  him  to  some  sense  of  his  duty^  but,  though 
he  listened  to  each  respectfully,  he  continued  his  refusal 
to  become  a  candidate  for  this  desirable  position,  assign- 
ing no  reason  for  his  action. — ( 11. ) 

At  last  he  told  the  whole  truth  and  confessed  to  his 
participation  in  this  illegal  canvass  of  votes  and  ac- 
knoivledged,  too,  that  he  was  the  t:;eafc  tool  of  ^2«o  shrewd 
political  tricksters  who  were  the  real  instigators  of  these 
election  frauds. — (19.) 

He  sf/-o(Ze  through  the  ivintry  forest  with  a  proud 
tread  and  happy  heart,  bearing  the  ^li^e  antlers  of  a 
Aari  as  trophy  of  his  sA;?7^  in  hunting.  Entering  a  little 
cottage  near  by,  he  cast  down  his  burden  for  his  hopeful 
heirs  to  drag  to  and  fro  with  merry  shouts,  until  the 
&at«Z  of  the  smallest  urchin  announced  that  it  was 
scarcely  suited  as  a  plaything  for  such  tender  hands. — 
(28.) 


ELEMENTAB  Y  SO  UNDS.  77 

There  was  scarcely  any  fuel  or  food  left  in  the  house, 
and  the  children  we^^e  but  meagerly  supplied  with 
cloiMng,  so  that  the  mother^  s  heart  sank  within  her  as 
the  dreary  autumn  days  irredicted  the  coming  of  winter 
and  the  suffering  they  must  so  surely  endure. — (17.) 

A  low  caste  Hindoo  stood  concealed  behind  an  urn 
of  sioaying  palms,  his  glittering  eyes  peering  out  at 
two  Brahmins  who  talked  very  earnestly  together 
until  the  bell  tolled  the  midniyht  hour,  when  they 
went  their  separate  ways,  wholly  unconscious  that 
their  plotting  had  been  suspected  and  would  be  frus- 
trated by  one  of  the  sect  they  so  desjjised.—  (  22. ) 

He  was  carefully  scanning  a  marvelous  engraving 
on  the  walls  and  thinking  of  engaging  the  artist  to 
paint  a  portrait,  when  a  friend  upon  whose  judgment 
he  greatly  relied,  expressed  a  preference  for  another 
picture;  and  he  at  once  deferred  to  him  and  changed 
his  decision.  Can  you  give  the  rule  for  spelling  each 
of  the  derivatives  found  in  the  above  paragraph? — 
(22.) 

The  <M'e(Z  prisoner  was  rudely  thrust  into  a  fZ/«<7^ 
room  with  low  col) webbed  ceiling  and  small  windows 
protected  by  parallel  iron  bars,  where  he  sank  upon  a 
musty  straw  pallet  to  dream  of  the  reprieve  that  he 
hoped  the  morroiv  might  bring. — ( 17. ) 

When  the  new  pupil  in  geometry  failed  to  distinguish 
between  a  circle  and  a  circumfereiice,  the  teacher  illus- 
trated it  by  taking  a  common  dinner  pail  and  pointing 
out  that  it  was  a  perfect  cylinder,  having  a  circle  for 
the  bottom,  the  eircidar  edge  of  which  was  a  circum- 
ference.— (  17.) 

The  surcingle  broke  and  the  man  was  precipitated  to 
the  ground,    his  fiery  steed  galloping  far  out  into  the 


78  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

country,  where  he  might  roll  in  the  dirt  or  browse  on 
the  grass  by  the  roadside  with  none  to  say  him  nay, 
until  finally  overtaken  by  his  master  and  deprived  of  his 
short-lived  liberty. — ( 15. ) 

No  wonder  the  cook  was  cross !  The  chimneys  both 
smoked  and  the  cookies  would  not  bake;  the  emptyings 
she  borrowed  of  a  neighbor  proved  poor,  and  the  bread 
was  sour;  the  cistern  was  dry  with  no  prospect  of  rain; 
and,  to  make  a  bad  matter  worse,  she  got  &om&  pepper 
in  one  eye  that  caused  the  tears  to  flow  in  earnest. — 
(19.) 

As  the  waves  began  to  recede,  the  desperate  sailor 
succeeded  in  climbing  onto  the  great  rock,  though  he 
could  not  conceive  how  he  ever  accomplished  so  difficult 
a  feat  and' did  not  flatter  himself  that  his/eet  were  yet 
on  a  safe  foundation. — ( 13. ) 

It  was  such  changeable  weather  that  deciding  upon  a 
day  for  the  excursion  was  extremely  dif&cult,  and  he 
was  much  relieved  by  a  letter  from  his  niece  saying  it 
had  been  indefinitely  2)ostponed. — (10.) 

The  States  that  seceded  acceded  to  every  wish  of  their 
new  president,  whose  authority  now  superseded  all 
others  and  in  whom  they  had  unbounded  confidence, 
being  willing  to  trust  the  welfare  of  the  new  Confed- 
eracy entirely  to  him.  -  (10.) 

The  shipwrecked  sailor  opened  his  eyes  upon  a  de- 
serted isle  where  the  only  living  creature  was  the  faith- 
ful Newfoundland  dog  which  had  rescued  him  and  now 
fawned  upon  him  with  delight  at  his  recovery  of  con- 
sciousness.— ( 13. ) 

Dorothy  was  anticipating  a  most  enjoyable  tour. 
She  lived  in  Shiawassee  county,  Michigan,  and  it  waa 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  79 

arranged  that  she  should  join  a  cousin  who  was  coming 
from  Louisiana  to  CharJevoix  for  the  summer;  there 
she  icould  meet  her  sister  from  Houghton  and  a  brother 
from  OJclahoma,  when  the /o?<r  would  form  Si  party  that 
could  jaiwii  about  at  their  pleasxire,  perhaps  visiting 
MacJcinac  Island,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  Marquette. — 
(26.) 

The  poor  widow  whose  larder  had  been  so  long 
empty,  felt  quite  overwhelmed  with  so  much  food  in 
the  house ;  but,  after  dressing  and  singeing  the  turkeys, 
she  carried  them  and  the  beefsteak  down  cellar  where 
she  really  gloated  over  her  little  store  of  vegetables, 
which  included  potatoes,  squash,  beets,  celery,  aspara- 
gus, tomatoes,  and  corn.  As  her  eyes  rested  on  the 
latter,  they  glistened  as  she  thought  of  the  savory  suc- 
cotash she  would  prepare  for  this  prodigal  son  who  had 
returned  so  opportunely,  and  she  gave  heart-felt  thanks 
for  her  good /orfwne. — (33.) 

Long  before  he  studied  civil  government  he  was 
familiar  with  many  articles  of  the  constitution  and 
knew  the  Declaration  of  Independence  by  heart.  An 
wwcZe  with  whom  he  lived  in  his  youth,  was  a  mem- 
ber of  Congress  and  talked  much  about  appropria- 
tions and  legislative  enactments;  and  the  nephew  was 
an  interested  listener  to  many  conversations  among 
senators  and  representatives  regarding  the  worA;  of 
committees,  the  possibility  of  the  Fresidenfs  vetoing 
certain  measures,  or  the  necessity  of  an  ear?y  atZ- 
journment.  Even  as  a  boy  he  was  personally  ac- 
quainted with  various  speakers,  secretaries,  and  clerks, 
— in  fact  was  brought  up  in  an  atmosphere  calculated 
to  fit  him  for  the  statesman  he  afterwards  became. — 
(43.) 


80  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Our  teacher  was  so  strong  a  believer  in  the  theory 
of  unification  that  she  used  it  even  in  its  narrowest 
application,  so  that  a  problem  in  multiplication  was 
never  considered  complete  until  it  had  been  properly 
proven  by  dividing  the  product  by  the  multiplier  to 
see  if  the  quotient  equaled  the  multiplicand.  Like- 
wise, she  taught  addition  and  subtraction  together, 
and  made  cancellation  an  important  factor  in  the 
reduction  of  fractions  to  their  lowest  ferwi^  or  in 
multiplying  two  large  fractions  together.  In  every 
lesson  she  showed  how  to  ?esse)i  labor,  by  applying 
some  other  principle  already  mastered. — (39.) 

One  week  John  Smith  had  a  chapter  of  accidents. 
On  Monday  he  cut  his  finger  on  a  broken  ^;ane  of 
^Zass.  Tuesday,  as  he  was  walking  along  looking  up 
at  the  weather  vawe  on  the  church  steeple,  he  stubbed 
his  ioe  and  fell,  striking  his  occipital  bone  on  the  pave- 
ment, fracturing  his  clavicle,  and  skinning  both 
knuckles.  Wednesday,  a  small  msecf  J?et(;  into  the 
Eustachian  tube  of  his  left  ear,  causing  a  severe  ear. 
ache.  Thursday,  a  fishbone  lodged  in  his  pharynx 
and  had  to  be  extracted  by  a  physician.  By  Friday 
he  felt  bilious,  the  sclerotic  coat  of  his  eyes  grew 
blood-shot,  and  he  showed  symptoms  of  infiammation 
of  the  vems,  and  Saturday,  was  seized  with  an  acw^e 
paw  caused  by  the  lodgment  of  a  grape  seed  in  the 
vermiform  appendix,  making  a  surgical  operation 
necessary  on  Sunday. — ( 57. ) 

When  George  was  studying  orthography,  he  fcjitY  his 
brows  considerably  over  the  folloiving  ride  : 

1st.  Final  e  of  a  primitive  word  is  usually  dropped 
before  a  sm^^u;  beginning  with  a  vowel,  and  is  retained 
before   one  commencing  with  a  consonant;   as  living,^ 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  81 

lively.  It  is  always  retaiDed  after  soft  c  or  g ;  as  ser- 
viceable, courageous. 

2(1.  Monosyllables  ending  in  a  single  consonant 
preceded  by  a  single  vowel,  or  polysyllables  accented 
on  the  last  syllable  and  ending  in  a  single  consonant 
preceded  by  a  single  vowel  (or  a  single  vowel  after 
qu)  generally  double  the  last  letter  before  a  suf&x 
beginning  with  a  vowel;  as  sinning,  preferring,  quit- 
ting. But  if  this  final  consonant  is  not  preceded  by  a 
single  vowel,  or  the  accent  is  not  on  the  last  syllable, 
the  final  consonant  is  not  doubled;  as  ailing,  traveling. 

After  studying  until  he  thought  he  understood  all 
about  the  accent  and  doubling  of  letters,  he  wrote  out 
these  rules  from  memory  and  was  delighted  to  find 
only  one  misspelled  word:  viz.,  "generally."  Can  you 
tell  why  it  requires  two  I's  ? — (37. ) 

[Note. — It  would  be  well  for  all  pupils  to  commit  above 
rules  to  memory  and  make  lists  of  words  to  which  they  ap- 

ly.] 


82  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Note. — A  careful  reading-  of  the  pages  of  this  book  will 
enable  one  to  answer  the  following  : 

REVIEW    QUESTIONS. 

1.  Wliat  is  the  power  of  a  letter? 

2.  What  is  a  syllable! 

3.  What  are  cognates'?     Name  some. 

4.  What  are  liquids?    Sibilants?    Fricatives? 

5.  What  letters  represent  these  sounds? 

6.  >Vhat  is  a  diphthong?     Give  example. 

7.  What  is  a  digraph?    Write  two.    A  trigraph? 

8.  What  is  an  improper  diphthong?    A  tetragraph? 

9.  Can  two  consonants  form  a  digraph? 

10.  What  is  a  triphthong?     Give  one. 

11.  Give  a  word  containing  a  proper  diphthong. 

12.  How  are  words  divided  as  to  their  formation? 

13.  How  are  words  divided  according  to  number  of 

syllables? 

14.  How  many  words  in  the  English  language? 

15.  Why  are  words  divided  into  syllables? 

16.  What  are  the  names  of  the  diacritical  marks  used 

with  consonants? 

17.  What  is  a  simple  word?     Give  examples. 

18.  What  is  a  compound  word?     Give  examples. 

19.  What  is  a  primitive  word?     Give  examples. 

20.  What  is  a  derivative  word?     Give  examples, 

21.  When  is  the  hyphen  omitted  in  compound  words? 

22.  Give  a  compound  primitive  word. 

23.  Give  a  compound  derivative  word. 


ELEMENTAB  Y  SO  UNDS.  83 

24.  What  is  a  prefix?     Name  some. 

25.  What  is  a  suffix?     Name  some. 

26.  From  what   languages   do   we   get  most   of  our 

prefixes'? 

27.  What  is  orthography! 

28.  What  is  an  elementary  sound? 

29.  How  many  are  there  in  the  English  language? 

30.  What  is  a  diacritical  mark? 

31.  Name  the  diacritical  marks  used  with  vowels. 

32.  What  is  a  vowel  ?     A  consonant  ? 

33.  What  is  a  vocal?    A  sub  vocal? 

34.  What  is  a  mute?     A  semivowel? 

35.  What  is  accent?     How  marked? 

36.  Name  some  consonant  combinations. 

37.  What  is  a  silent  letter  ? 

38.  Name  some  letters  that  are  never  silent. 

39.  Name  the  unnecessary  letters  of  our  alphabet. 

40.  What  are  the  uses  of  silent  letters? 

41.  Give  two  words  containing  u  used  as  a  conso- 

nant.   Give  a  word  with  u  used  as  a  vowel. 

42.  When  are  letters  said  to  be  siihsequent? 

43.  When  are  letters  said  to  be  antecedent? 

44.  What  is  a  letter? 

45.  What  is  a  word? 

46.  What  is  phonology?    Phonotypy? 

47.  What  is  phonography?    Philolog}'? 

48.  What  are  labials?    Nasals?    Name  some. 

49.  What  are  Unguals?    Palatals?    Dentals? 

50.  Before  what  letters  does  c  usually  have  its  soft 

sound  ? 

51.  What  are  tonics?    Subtonics?    Atonies? 

52.  What  is  syllabication?    Stress? 

53.  What  is  a  sonant?    A  surd?. 


84  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

54.  How  is  voice  produced? 

55.  What  are  the  organs  of  speech? 

56.  How  does  voice  differ  from  speech  ? 

57.  Can  there  be  speech  without  voice? 

58.  Can  you  spell  the  name  of  h,  g,  q,  s  and  w  ? 

59.  "What  is  the  dieresis?  ' 

GO.  Which  consonant  is  most  like  a  vowel  in  the  for- 
mation of  its  sound? 

61.  Name  the  mutes  in  the  word  completed. 

62.  Write  a  word  beginning  with  a  labial? 

63.  What  is  a  labiodental?     Give  one. 

64.  What  is  an  aphthong?     Give  example. 

65.  What  is  meant  by  the  assimilation  of  consonants? 

Give  example.    Duplication? 

66.  Why  is  n  doubled  in  hannerf 

67.  What  is  orthoepy?     Quantity?     Quality? 

68.  What  mark  indicates  the  sound  of  e  in  her  ? 

69.  What  is  meant  by  the  ^'vanish"  in  a  long? 

70.  Is  there  a  difference  in  pronunciation  of  there  and 

their? 

71.  How  is  Italian  a  marked  ? 

72.  When  has  a  the  Italian  sound? 

73.  Which  is  the  more  open  sound,  a  broad  or  a  short- 

broad? 

74.  Which   is  the  most  open   and  melodious   of  the 

vowel  sounds? 

75.  Which  is  one  of  the  closest  of  the  vowel  sounds? 

76.  Name  a  word  in  which  u  represents  the  sound  of  e 

short. 

77.  What  other  letter  has  nearly  the  sound  of  e  inter- 

mediate ? 

78.  What  is  the  sound  of  e  foreign? 


ELEMENT  A  BY  SO  UNDS.  85 

79.  What  two  vowels  go  to  make  up  i  long? 

80.  In  what  word  does  eau  have  the  sound  of  i  short? 

81.  What  is  the  '^  vanish"  of  o  long! 

82.  What  is  the  closest  labial  A^owel  ? 

83.  What  is  the  rule  for  o  broad,  for  o  short? 

84.  What  peculiarity  has  the  sound  of  u  ? 

85.  What  sound  has  u  after  r  ? 

86.  Of  what  elements  is  the  diphthong  ou  composed? 

oif 

87.  When  is  b  usually  silent? 

88.  Before  what  letters  is  ch  alwayo  hard? 

89.  Has  h  any  equivalent  sound? 

90.  What  marks  has  i.^ 

91.  What  letter  always  follows  qf 

92.  Name  five  words  containing  the  sound  of  z  but 

not  containing  the  letter  z. 

93.  Give  five  words  in  which  th  has  its  sharp  sound. ' 

94.  When  does  d  take  the  sound  oitf 

95.  Which  is  the  most  harmonious  of  the  consonants? 

96.  Are  j,  m,  r,  I.  v,  ever  silent? 

97.  What  letters  represent  nasal  sounds? 

98.  What  is  the  Greek  digraph? 

99.  Can  jou  pronounce  phthisis? 

100.  What  is  the  sound  of  s  flat? 

101.  What  is  the  dispute  about  ichf 

102.  What  sound  has  x  at  the  beginning  of  words? 

103.  Can  you  give  a  word  in  which  z  and  h  come  to- 

gether ? 

104.  What  is  a  lingua-dental?    Name  one. 

105.  AVhat  letters  represent  mute  sounds? 

106.  Name  the  prominent  diacritical  marks. 

107.  Of  what  use  is  the  study  of  elementary-  sounds? 


S(^  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

108.  At  what  time  in  the  school  course  should  we  begin 

teaching  the  use  of  diacritical  marks? 

109.  What  diacritical  marks  has  x  ? 

1 10.  What  letters  does  x  represent  1 

111.  Is  y  used  as  a  consonant  ever  given  a  diacritical 

mark? 

112.  Explain  to  a  child  how  to  give  the  sound  of  y  as 

a  consonant. 

113.  What  is  the  cognate  subvocal  of  s  f 

114.  What  is  an  equivalent?     Give  examples. 

1 15.  Explain  the  process  of  teaching  the  sound  of  a 

letter  to  a  child. 

116.  What  common  words  are  represented  by  the  fol- 

lowing: gems,  card,  dgme? 

117.  Name  five  subvocals,  five  aspirates. 

118.  What  is  the  tilde?     The  icavef 

119.  Mark  the  following  words  for  proper  pronuncia- 

tion: rule,  bask,  pearl. 

120.  Give  a  prefix  meaning  not,  before. 

121.  Give  two  Greek  prefixes. 

122.  Name  two  verb  suffixes. 

123.  Name  two  adjective  suf&xes. 

124.  What  rule  of  spelling  is  illustrated  in  the  words: 

heginning,  trimmed,  stopped,  controlled? 

125.  Why  is  sjjreading  spelled  with  one  d  and  bidding 

with  two? 

126.  Give  the  rule  for  final  e  in  spelling. 

127.  Why  is  final  e  retained  in  serviceable?    Why  in 

singeing  ? 

128.  Name  three  words  that  have  the  long  sound  of  a. 

129.  How  is  the  short  broad  sound  of  a  marked? 

1 30.  Give  five  words  containing  the  sound  of  e  long. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  87 

131.  How  is  the  intermediate  sound  of  a  marked  ?     In 

what  words  is  it  heard? 

132.  What  diacritical  mark  represents  the  sound  of  a 

before  r? 

133.  What  are  the  elementary  sounds  of  a  ? 

134.  In  what  words  is  c  equivalent  to  z? 
13,").  How  many  sounds  has  h  f 

lof).  How  is  the  hard  sound  of  c  indicated? 

137.  Has  d  any  diacritical  marks  ? 

138.  To  what  other  sound  is  d  equivalent? 

139.  What  is  the  sound  of  a  in  arm?  can't?   cant? 

fast?  father!  air?  what?  hair?  alias?  abdomen? 

140.  What  is  the  intermediate  sound  of  e  f 

141.  What  regular  sounds  has  ef 

142.  Is  b  ever  silent? 

143.  Xame  five  letters  that  never  have  any  diacritical 

marks? 

144.  What  sounds  has/.^ 

145.  What  organ  of  speech  is  used  most  in  giving  the 

sound  of  g  hard? 

146.  What  sound  has  a  vowel  usually  when  between 

two  consonants  in  an  accented  syllable? 

147.  What  vowel  can  be  sounded  the  longest  with  one 

breath  f 

148.  Give  a  word  containing  all  the  regular  vowels  in 

their  order. 

149.  Give  all  the  diacritical  marks  used  with  o. 

150.  How   are   obscure   vowels   marked   in   the   dic- 

tionary ? 

151.  Is  sh  ever  silent? 

152.  What  combinations  or  letters  represent  the  sound 

of  sh? 

153.  What  endings  generally  give  a  the  intermediate 

sound? 


38  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

154.  What  sound  has  a  when  marked  with  a  dotted 

macron  ? 

155.  What  is  meant  by  the  glide? 

156.  Give  a  word  in  which  I  has  the  force  of  a  vowel. 

157.  Give  a  word  in  which  n  is  used  as  a  vowel. 

158.  What  is  articulation? 

159.  Is  the  caret  a  diacritical  or  rhetorical  mark "? 

160.  Is  the  dieresis  a  diacritical  or  rhetorical  mark  % 

161.  What  is  the  distinction  between  articulation, 

pronunciation  and  enunciation? 

162.  State  the  requirements  of  good  articulation. 

163.  State  three   classes   of  errors   in   articulation, 

and  give  an  example  of  each. 

164.  Select  from  the  following  words  those  in  which 

the  sound  of  e  or  i  is  omitted,  and  those  in 
which  it  is  not  omitted:  levels  devil,  chicken, 
panel,  even,  wooden,  label,  grovel,  fossil,  fallen, 
model. 

165.  Can  you  pronounce,  define  and  spell  every  word 

in  the  following  production? 

A   SPELL. 

Stand  up,  ye  spellers,  now  and  spell. 
Spell  phenakistoscope  and  knell ; 
Or  take  some  simple  word  as  chilly, 
Or  ganger,  or  the  garden  lily. 
To  spell  such  words  as  syllogism, 
And  lachrymose  and  synchronism, 
And  Pentateuch  and  saccharine, 
Apocrypha  and  celantine, 
Lactiferous  and  cecity, 
Jejune  and  homoeopathy, 
Paralysis  and  chloroform, 
Rhinoceros  and  pachyderm, 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  VNDS.  89 

Metempsychosis,  gherkins,  basque. 

Is  certainly  no  easy  task. 

Kaleidoscope  and  Tennessee, 

Kamtschatka  and  dispensary, 

Diphthong  and  erysipelas. 

And  etiquette  and  sassafras, 

Infallible  and  ptyalism, 

Allopathy  and  rheumatism 

And  cataclysm  and  beleaguer. 

Twelfth,  eighteenth,  rendezvous,  intriguer, 

And  hosts  of  other  words  are  found 

On  English  and  on  classic  ground. 

Thus  Bering  Straits  and  Michaelmas, 

Thermopylce,  Cordilleras, 

Suite,  hemorrhage,  jalap  and  Havana, 

Cinquefoil  and  ipecacuanha. 

And  Rappahannock,  Shenandoah, 

And  Schuylkill,  and  a  thousand  more, 

Are  words  some  prime  good  spellers  miss 

In  dictionary  lands  like  this; 

Nor  need  one  think  himself  a  scroyle 

If  some  of  these  his  efforts  foil. 

Nor  deem  himself  undone  forever 

To  miss  the  name  of  either  river. 

The  Dnieper,  Seine  or  Guadalquivir. 

166.   Can  you  read  this  without  an  error  in  sound  ol 
vowel  or  consonant? 

Note.— This  ingenious  alliteration  will  give  an  excellent 
review,  not  only  in  nearly  all  the  sounds  of  the  vowels,  but 
in  the  sounds  of  consonants  in  various  positions.  It  is  a 
review  of  the  whole  subject  of  elementary  sounds : 

ALLITERATIVE  POEM. 

An  Austrian  army  awfully  arrayed, 
Boldly  by  battery  besieged  Belgrade  ; 
Cossack  commanders  cannonading  come, 
Dealing  destruction's  devastating  doom ; 


90  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

Every  endeavor  engineers  essay 

For  fame,  for  fortune  fightin^'— furious  fray. 

Generals  'gainst  generals  grapple  ;  gracious  God, 

How  honors  Heaven  heroic  hardihood  ! 

Infuriate,  indiscriminate,  in  ill. 

Kinsmen  kill  kinsmen,  kindred  kinsmen  kill, 

Labor  low  levels  loftiest,  longest  lines; 

Men  march  'mid  mounds,  'mid  moles,  'mid  murderous 

mine 
Now  noisy  noxious  numbers  notice  nought 
Of  outward  obstacles  opposing  ought; 
Poor  patriots!    Partly  purchased!    partly  pressed. 
Quite  quaking,  quickly  "quarter,"  "quarter,"  quest; 
Reason  returns,  religious  right  redounds, 
Sorrow  soon  stops  such  sanguinary  sounds. 
Truce  to  thee,  Turkey,  triumph  to  thy  twain, 
Unjust,  unwise,  unmerciful  Ukraine! 
Vanish  vain  victory,  vanish  victorj'  vain  ! 
Why  wish  we  warfare  ?   Wherefore  welcome  were 
Xerxes,  Ximene,  Xanthus,  Xavier  ? 
Yield,  yield,  ye  youth  ;  ye  yeomen  yield  your  yell. 
Zeno's  Zarpater's  Zoroaster's  zeal, 
Attracting  all,  arms  against  arms  appeal. 

167.  What  is  a  "stem"?     Give  five  Latin  and  fivo 

Greek  stems. 

168.  Give  five  cases  in  which  the  hyphen  is  generally 

used. 

169.  Define   "affix,"   "antonym,"   "homonym,"   "par- 

onym,"  "eponym." 

170.  Name  and  define  the  three  classes  of  accent. 

171.  Give  the  rules  for  accenting  words. 

172.  Give   the   meaning   of   the   following  prefixes: 

super,  con,  trans,  post,  pro. 

173.  Give   the   meaning   of   the   following   suffixes  • 

ment,  ness,  ish,  ing. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  91 


CHAPTER  X. 

SOME   RULES   FOE   PRONUNCIATION. 

1.  Don't  pronounce  ing  like  in;  as  writin'  for 
writing. 

2.  Don't  pronounce  ow  like  iir  or  uli;  as  shaclur  for 
shadow,  Jioller  for  hollow. 

3.  Don't  pronounce  e<Z  like  /(Z  or  «(Z;  as  unitid  or 
unitud  for  united. 

4.  Don't  pronounce  ess  like  m;  as.  goodniss  for 
^oofZness. 

5.  Don' t  pronounce  el  like  «7,  nor  e^  like  it,  nor  esi 
like  ist;  as  crMi7,  basJcit  and  forist,  for  crweZ,  basket  and 

6.  Don't  pronounce  e«^  like  M«f,  nor  ewce  like  unee; 
as  st'Zwni  and  sentunce  for  s/Ze«^  and  sentence. 

7.  Don't  sound  lo/i  like  w;  as  tm^  for  tc/iat 

8.  Don' t  forget  that  r  lias  a  sound  after  a  vowel ;  as 
arm  not  ahm. 

9.  Don't  pronounce  program  progr'm.  Don't 
give  the  sound  of  o  as  in  Or  to  the  final  syllables  of 
actOr,  orator,  senator,  etc.  The  dictionary  says 
acter,  crater,  etc.  If  you  say  actor,  why  not  sailor, 
tailor,  errOr? 

10.  Don't  call  attention  to  vour  pronunciation  by 
the  agony  of  jour  expression. 

11.  Don't  forget  to  practice  daily  on  some  of  the 
list  of  words  in  Chapter  XII. 


92  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

WORDS  OFTEN   MISPRONOUNCED. 

The  following  suggestions  should  be  studied  care- 
fwWj :  We  give  the  list  on  p.  98,  that  teachers  may 
have  in  convenient  form  the  material  for  daily  drills 
in  pronunciation,  and  to  call  to  the  attention  of  the 
reader  some  of  the  errors  frequently  made. 

In  giving  the  list  we  have  thought  best  not  to 
respell  the  words  to  show  pronunciation  except  in 
special  cases,  and  then  only  the  difficult  syllable  will 
be  respelled. 

Only  accented  syllables  will  be  marked  diacritically 
except  in  cases  where  the  letters  in  other  syllables  do 
not  follow  the  regular  rules. 

The  explanations  on  the  preceding  pages  of  this 
book,  and  the  common  rules  of  dictionaries  will  enable 
readers  to  determine  the  pronunciation  to  be  given  to 
the  word. 

In  marking  the  pronunciation  of  words  upon  which 
authorities  differ,  we  have  given  in  most  cases  what 
is  considered,  the  best  by  those  eminent  orthoepists, 
Soule  and  Wheeler. 

The  following  rules  may  well  be  repeated  here : 

When  one  letter  of  a  digraph  is  marked,  the  other 
letter  is  regarded  as  silent. 

The  diphthongs  o^i  and  ow  unmarked  have  their 
proper  sound. 

The  letters  c  and  g  are  usually  hard  before  a,  o,  u, 
I,  and  r,  and  soft  before  e,  i  and  y. 

The  digraph  pli  has  generally  the  sound  of  /. 

The  syllable  tion  is  generally  pronounced  shun; 
and  the  syllable  sion    has   the    same  sound   except 


ELEMENTAEY  SOUNDS.  93 

when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  when  it  has  the  sound  of 

zhun. 

The  endings  ar,  er,  ir  of  unaccented  syllables, 
nearly  always  have  the  sound  of  ur;  and  or  generally 
follows  the  same  rule. 

Vowels  usually  have  their  short  sound  in  a  syllable 
between  two  consonants,  or  when  standing  before  two 
consonants:  model,  seven,  satin,  add,  ebb,  banner, 
slammed,  compelling,  etc. 

A  vowel  standing  alone  in  or  ending  an  accented 
syllable  usually  has  its  common  long  sound.  In 
the  list  in  Chapter  XI I.  it  will  be  so  sounded  unless 
otherwise  marked. 

Vowels  in  unaccented  syllables  usually  have  an 
obscure  sound,  which  Webster  indicates  by  printing 
the  letter  in  italics.  Unaccented  a  forming  a  syllable 
by  itself  is  marked  a ;  c,  /,  o,  and  u  forming  an  unac- 
pented  syllable  are  marked  with  the  dotted  macron. 
In  a  few  words  a  has  the  sound  of  i  as  in  senate ;  it 
is  then  marked  with  the  dotted  macron  over  it. 

The  sound  of  e  or  /  in  the  last  syllable  of  these 
words  should  not  be  omitted : 


morsel 

level 

jewel 

satin 

hovel 

libel 

cruel 

sequel 

label 

model 

panel 

gravel 

aspen 

chicken 

hyphen 

towel 

kitchen 

pencil 

woolen 

fossil 

The  e  or  i  in  the  last  syllable  of  these  words  is 
silent  or  obscure : 

basin  devil 

seven  cousin 

raisin  soften 

proven  fallen 

stolen  reason 


even 

novel 

eleven 

grovel 

straighten 

evil 

wooden 

heaven 

nickel 

often  ^ 

94  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

CHAPTER  XI. 

PRONUNCIATION — PRONUNCIATION  TESTS.     " 
THE  SON  OF  BELIAL. 

A  sacrilegious  son  of  Belial,  who  suflfered  from 
bronchitis,  having  exhausted  his  finances,  in  order  to 
make  good  the  deficit  resolved  to  ally  himself  with  a 
comely,  lenient  and  docile  young  lady  of  the  Malay 
or  Caucasian  race.  He  accordingly  purchased  a  cal- 
lioi^e  and  coral  necklace  of  a  chameleon  hue,  and 
securing  a  suite  of  rooms  at  a  principal  hotel,  he  en- 
gaged the  head  waiter  as  his  coadjutor. 

He  then  dispatched  a  letter  of  the  most  unexception- 
able caligraphy  extant,  inviting  the  young  lady  to  a 
matinee.  She  revolted  at  the  idea,  refused  to  consider 
herself  sacrificable  to  his  desire,  and  sent  a  polite  note 
of  refusal,  on  receiving  which  he  procured  a  carbine 
and  a  bowie-knife,  said  that  he  would  not  now  forge 
fetters  hymeneal  with  the  queen ;  went  to  an  isolated 
spot,  severed  his  jugular  vein,  and  discharged  the  con- 
tents of  his  carbine  into  his  abdomen.  The  debris  was 
removed  by  the  coroner. 

THE   examiner's   SPEECH. 

Sacrificable,  sacrilegious,  and  Disraeli,  are  often 
given  out  by  the  jocose,  piquant,  and,  I  might  say, 
impious  examiner  (the  exquisite  siren,  the  cadaverous 
Nemesis),  whose  banquet  is  made  jocund  by  the 
thought  that  he  has  brought  briny  water  to  the  eyes 
of  the  lachrymose  school  ma'am.  But  little  words, 
like  fruit,  June,  extol,  forge,  past,  aunt,  calf  and  jowl, 
are  as  efficacious  with  the  docile  applicant  who  would 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  95 

rise  from  lier  squalor  and  acclimate  herself  to  the 
incomparable  felicities  of  the  pedagogical  career. 
The  examiner,  however,  my  dear  reader,  is  a  diplo- 
matic philanthropist,  and  as  he  diagnoses  your  case, 
and  wfth  proper  digital  action  beats  a  tattoo  along 
his  parietal  suture,  he  gives  forth  this  wise  pronuncia- 
mento: 

^'My  comely  coadjutant,  who  has  not  as  yet  been 
inveigled  into  the  hymeneal  idea,  and  who  is  no 
cadaver  in  miniature,  will  without  being  tedious, 
attend  to  the  interesting  finances ;  so  that  the  Depart- 
ment of  State  may  not  be  enervated  or  reduced  to 
squalor  by  digressions  from  the  rules  in  this  vicinage. 
N"o  maniacal  prescience,  no  association  of  laryngitis 
and  epizootic,  will  swerve  us  from  the  path  of  duty. 
Though  your  musical  powers  equal  those  of  Calliope, 
though  you  have  the  beauty  of  Diana,  the  usefulness 
of  the  dromedary,  the  grace  of  the  almond  eyed 
Chinese  who  sits  on  her  divan  and  hides  her  anchovy 
behind  a  stomacher,  — but  j^ou  must  cease  your  clangor, 
and  hasten  to  prepaie  for  the  joust.  All  must  take 
part  in  the  exhibition  of  mental  acumen." 

FOR   A   PRONOUNCING    MATCH. 

The  root  of  the  difficulty  was  a  pile  of  soot  allowed 
to  accumulate  ou  the  roof. 

The  rise  of  the  waters  has  injured  the  rice  crop,  and 
it  may  be  expected  that  the  price  will  rise. 

He  had  moved  his  goods  to  the  depot,  but  his  friends 
bade  him  not  to  be  discouraged,  as  he  would  soon  be 
acclimated  if  he  would  only  stay. 

He  is  an  aspirant  for  Asiatic  honors. 

The  disputants  seemed  to  be  conversant  with  the 


96  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

question,  and,  if  not  good  financiers,  they  are,  at  least 
familiar  with  the  problems  of  finance. 

The  irrefragable  evidence  that  he  was  the  sole  cause 
of  the  altercation  indisputably  fastened  on  him  the 
responsibility  for  the  irreparable  damage. 

His  conduct  was  indicatory  of  the  blatant  black- 
guard, but  his  complaisant  coadjutor,  with  his  incom- 
parable complacency,  was  even  more  dangerous. 

The  physician  after  a  careful  diagnosis,  pronounces 
the  patient  to  be  suffering  from  bronchitis,  gastritis, 
periostitis  and  toxaemia,  caused  by  the  presence  of 
mephitis,  and  has  prescribed  morphine. 

A  PEOiSrUNCIATIVE  ORDEAL. 

^'Mama,"  cried  the  tiny  Penelope  dolorously,  wav- 
ing an  almond  in  one  hand  and  a  bouquet  of  clematis 
in  the  other,  ^'it  is  enough  to  exasperate  an  exultant 
patron  of  canine  pets  to  have  an  incomparably  auda- 
cious street  Arab  assert  that  my  docile  dog  Blucher 
has  diphtheria,  and  will  soon  have  appendicitis  or 
spinal  meningitis  if  I  do  not  acclimate  him  with  a 
dose  of  quinine." 

^'That  is  despicable.  I  will  make  inquiries,  and  if 
this  interesting  romance  is  capable  of  irrefragable 
proof,  I  will  use  all  my  resources  to  have  the  juvenile 
offender  placarded  and  exiled  to  Missouri  or  to  Asia 
for  his  infamous  ruf&anly  conduct,"  said  the  irascible 
parent,  taking  a  banana  from  a  pedestal  near  her  divan. 
"  For  the  maintenance  of  order  I  consider  it  obligatory 
that  I  become  his  opponent  and  request  the  police  to 
arrest  such  a  maniacal  ignoramus." 

And  stepping  to  the  hearth,  which  was  covered  with 
new  painting  apparatus,  she  rang  the  bell  vehemently 
and  ordered  a  coup6. 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  97 

The  small  blackguard  was  traced  to  an  extempore 
quarantine  on  the  quay,  where  he  was  undergoing  chas- 
tisement from  a  lenient  photographer  for  trying  by  a 
surreptitious  investigation  of  pockets  to  become  con- 
versant with  the  state  of  his  finances.  As  he  had  made 
himself  amenable  to  punishment,  he  was  sentenced  to 
the  inhospitable  gaol,  with  no  pleasures  but  those  de- 
rived from  the  sight  of  a  gallows  and  the  aroma  of  a 
sweet-flag  root,  or  a  bottle  of  eau  de  cologne.  The 
sentence  was  irrevocable. 


98  ORTIIOGEAPIIY  AND 

CHAPTER  XII. 

LIST  OF  2000  WORDS  COMMOXTA'  MI^PROXOUNCEP. 

Sb'atis  ad ' a mant e '  ag ' ile  (al' piue) 

ab  do  *  men  an  ag  ri  cul '  tur-  al  ter  ca '  tjon 

ab'ject  ad  dress',  w&t;  ist  al  ter '  uate  ' 

ab'jectly        adept'  aid  decamp  a  &  t" 

ab  sol'utory  ad  her'ent  (k5ng)  al'veolar 

absolve 'or    ad'ipOse         al' abas  ter     arways(z) 

(zolv)  ad'mlrable  albi'uo  amateur' 

ab  ste '  mi  ous- A  do '  nis        al  bu '  men      a  me '  na  ble 

ly  Ad  ri  at '  ic     al '  co  ran         a  men '  ity 

ab '  stract  ly    a  dult '  al '  cove  a  mour ' 

k€ '  gent,  n      '  ad '  v erse         al '  der  an  ces '  tral 

ac  gent '  ,v       ad '  verse  ly     al '  der  man      an  cho '  vy 

ac  gess'  ad '  ver  tise   Alexan '  driue  an '  cient 

acges'sory  ( tiz )  al '  ge  bra        and 

ac-eli'mate     ad  ver 'tise-    a 'lias         -    an  ni' hi  late 

ac  €OSt'  ment  al'ien  (yen)  an'swer  (ser) 

ac  €Qu'tre       advice'  alle' glance^  ant 

(tur)Aene'id         alle'gro  ant  ar-e'tic 

ac  crue '  a '  er    ate         al  lies ' ,  n  &  van  te  pe  nult ' 

ac  €u '  mu  late  a '  er  o  naut     al  lop '  a  thist  an  tip '  o  de§ 

acet'ic  aft  al  lop'a  tliy_an?;i'e  ty 

a'corn  a  gain'(gen)  ally'  %  &  v     ap'ertQre 

a  ecus 'tics      agape'  allude'  aph' thong 

or  (koo)  a'ged(incom- al'manac        (af,  or  ap) 

ac  qui  esce'      pounds,  ajd)  al  mond  a  pos'tle  (1) 

(es)  ag'gran  dize  (a'mund)    Appala'chian 

across'  ag'gran  dize- alms  (amz)     appara'tus 

a  €u '  men  ment  al  pac '  a  ap  par '  eut 

ad  a  mant 'ine  aghast  Alpine        ^a'pricot 

Note. — The  abbreviations  n,  a,  adv,  v,  etc..  are  noun-  adject- 
ive, verb,  etc.,  according  to  common  usage. 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


99 


a'pron 

as  so  cia '  tion  Bal  m5r '  a  I 

Be 'Hal 

(purn) 

(si  a') 

bal  loon ' 

bellows 

apt'itQde 

asth'ma  (az 

bal '  sam 

(bel'lus) 

aq '  ue  duct 

or  as) 

bal  sam'ic 

be  neath' 

(we) 

ath  e  iifc'nm 

ba  ua'na 

ben'zlne 

aq'uiliue 

at  tacked ' 

ban'ian 

be  queath' 

Ar'ab 

at  ta  ghe ' 

(yan) 

bestial 

ar'  abic 

at  tor  ney 

ban '  qiiet 

(best'  yal) 

arfh  rm'gel 

ail  da'cious 

bur 'bar  ous 

be  strew' 

arch  bish '  op 

aunt 

ba  rouche ' 

(stru) 

ar  -fhi  pel'a- 

au  ro '  ra  bo- 

basalt' 

betroth' 

go 

re  rd'is 

ba  shaw ' 

be  troth '  al 

ar ' ^hi  tect 

au  to  mo '  bile  ba§ '  i  lisk 

bev'el 

ar'f hives 

aux  ll '  iary 

bas'ket 

(not  '1) 

ar£''tic 

(awgzilyary)bas  tile' 

be  yond' 

ard'uous 

av  a langhe ' 

bas  ti  nfi'do 

bi  en '  ni  al 

a 're  a 

(orliinsh) 

bath 

bl '  na  ry 

ar'ld 

a  vaunt 

baths 

Bing'en 

5  ris '  to  crat 

av'e  nue 

(bathz) 

bi  no '  mial 

(or  ar'is) 

aw '  ful 

bay ' gu 

bi  og '  raphy 

ar '  mis  tice 

^ay  or  aye 

bay '  rum 

bl51'ogy 

Ar'kansas 

(yes)  bay' window  bi  par' tite 

(saw)  aye  (always) 

be  €au§e ' 

bi'son 

a  ro '  ma 

az'ure 

be  di ' zen 

bis  sex 'tile 

ar '  ro  gant 

(a'zhur) 

bed 'stead 

bi  tu'men 

bach '  el  or 

Be  el '  ze  bub 

bivouac 

ar '  row 

bade 

been  (bin) 

(biv'wak) 

iir'sen  ic 

bad  i  nage' 

Beethoven 

blackguard 

Asia  (ashia) 

1            (nazh) 

(ba ' to  ven 

(blag'ard) 

ask 

bal '  ance 

be  gone' 

blas'pho- 

as  pir '  ant 

bal  der  dash 

be  half 

mous 

as ' sets 

bal 'let  or  la 
biilm  (bam) 

be '  he  moth 

blast 

100 


OBTHOOBAPHY  AND 


bla'tant 
blSat 

bles'sed,  a 
blithe 
blouse  (ze) 
Blii'-eher 
bo  logn '  a 

(lOn  ya)  brSnze 
blue  brooch 


breth'ren  cabal'  caprl'cious 

brev'iary  cab'bSge        cSpt'ore 

brew  (broo)  ca  da'ver        €ar'a  mel 

brier '  and  ca  dav'er  ous  €ar  a  vau 


brig 'an  tine   -eaf  e 
bro'mide        ^ais'son 
bron  €lii'tis   car9ine 
cal '  dron 
cal'en  dar 


€ar'bine 
cdre 
ca'ret 

Car  ib  be 'an 
car '  mine 
car  tel ' 
cart 'ridge 
cas  €ade ' 


bomb  (bum)  brSth.  calf 

bom 'bast       br5t]i  el         cal  is  then' - 

bom  bas'tic  brough'am  ics 

bom  ba  zine '  (brOo)    cal  lig '  ra  phy  €as '  si  mere 

bon'net  briut  calk  (kawk)    Cas  si  o  pe'ia 

bo 'rax  bru'tal  cal  li'o  pe        cas 'ta  net 

bdoth  brute  calm  cate^liu'men 

bg'som  (z)    biid'dhism     calor'ic  Cau  ca'sian 

bgu'doir  (ism)  ca'lyx  (shan) 

(  d wor )  bul '  le  tin       camel '  li  a       cau '  dol 
bgu  quet '  (ka)bul '  wark       ca  mel '  o  pard 
bourn  buoy  (bwoy)  eam'plior       oay  enne' 

bOw'ie  knife  buoy 'ant  (fer)  cel'ibacy 

bow 'legged  (bwoy)  Ca'naan  ite   cel'lar 

(legd)  bu'reau  canaille'        ce  ment' w  or 

bow 'line         Bur 'gun  dy   ca  nine'  cem'eut 

bOw '  sprit       bur  lesque '     can '  t  cS  raent '  v  . 

brah'min       bush 'el  can  ta'ta        cem'etery 

branch  bus  i  ness       caout'chouc  cen'te  na  ry 

bra  va'do  (biz 'ness)   (kdo'chook)  centrifugal 

bravo,  m^       bus '  tie  (1)      cap'illary     ^en  trip'e  tal 
breech 'es        butch 'er         ca'pon  ce  phal'ic 

(brich ' )  Byz  Sn '  tine  ( ka '  pn )  cSre '  ments 


ELEMENT  A  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  101 

cer 'tain (tin)  Qhiv'al  ry      clothes  (es)    compen'sa- 
cer  tif  icate  -ehlo'ride        co  ad  jQ'tor  tive 

9ha  grin '        -ehlo '  rlne        CO '  bait  com  pla '  cen- 

^hal  ced'o  ny  choc '  o  late     coch '  i  neal  cy 

■eha  lyb '  e  ate  €hol '  gr  ic       co '  cOa  com '  plai- 

€ha  me ' le  on -ehor ' is  tgr  (ko'kO)     sance(zans) 

5ham'ois(y)  Chris  tian'ity  cof  fee  com'plex 

chandelier'  (yan)  coffin  compos'ite 

€ha'6s  Christ 'mas    cog'ni  zance  (poz) 

Qha'pgron  (kris)  cog  no 'men    com'post 

chasten  chrono  log-'  col  i  se'um    com'promize 

(chas'n)  ic  al  col' port  er  (mize) 

chasm  -ehyle  com'rade 

(kazm)  ^hute  col'umn  con 'cave 

chas'tise-        gie'atrlce  (ilm)  con  cen'trate 

ment  (tiz)  cin^ho'na     co'ma  tose     con 'course 
chauf  feur        cir  ca '  i  tons  com '  bat,         con '  crele, 
(sho  fgr')cit'i  zen  (z)  n&v  a&n 

chemise' (ze)  civ  il  (not  '1)  com  bat 'able  con  gu'bi- 
chest'nut       civ  il'ian        com 'bat  ant  nage 

(ches'nut)  clam'or  com'bative  condem'ning 

chew  (chooj  clan  des'tine  come'ly  con  do'lence 

Chi-ea'go       clan'gor         command-     confidant' 
Chican'ery  clap 'board  ant'  con '  fine,  n 

chil'dren        (klab'bord)  com  men ' su- con  fis ' cate 
€hi  me'ra       clasp  ra  ble  (shoo)  con'noisseur 

ehim'ney        clean 'ly,  a     com 'ment  (nis  snr) 

chim  pan 'zee clean 'ly,  a^^ycom'mu  nist  con  scl  en-' 
Chinese'        clem'atis       co'mose  tious  (shi) 

€hi  rog '  ra-     clSrk  com  pa  ra  ble  con  ser  va '  tor 

phy  clique  com  peer '       con  s5ls '  or 

chis'el(chiz)cl6th  com  pen 'sate         con'solz 

Qhiv'al  ric 
Qhiv'al  roiis 


102  Oli  THO GRA  PHY  A  ND 

con  spir'a  cy  corps  (kOr)    crude  daunt 

con '  striie        c5r '  ri  dor       crii '  el  deaf 

con 'sum-        corse  cruise  (z)       de  bris' 

mate,  v  cortege'  (to  sail)  (brS') 

con  sum-'  (tazh)  crup'per         deb'au  ^hee' 

mate,  a  cQr'uscate     cruse  (deb  o) 

con  tem'plate  c6st  cu '  cum  ber    de  ca '  dence 

con '  tents,  n    cos  tame'        cuirass'  deco'rous 

con  tQur '        CO '  te  rie '  (kwe)  de-crep '  it 

con  trib'ute  cotyle'don  cuisine(zeen)  de-fal'cate 
con 'tro  vert  coup6  cu' Unary      de  fal  ca'tion 

con'tu  macy       (koo  pa')  cu  ne'i  form  def'i  cit 
con'tu  me  ly  CQu'pon  cu'pola  de  file',  w 

con  vers'ive  cou'ri  er  cu  ra  90a  de  mise  (ze) 
con'ver  sant  court'  e  ous  ca  ra'tor  dem  o  ni'ac- 
con '  verse  ly  court '  e  san     curs '  ed,  a  al 

con 'vex  (zan)  cur 'tain  de  mon'- 

con '  voy,  n      courtesy         cush '  ion  strate 

convoy',  v  (ktirt'sy)  cy' no  sure  or        (or  dem) 

coop '  er  or         ^  *^^^  the^  body'  ^y^ '  ®  ^  "^®     ^^^  ^^  ^^^^ '  ■ 

(coop)  court' ier  (shoor)  tion 

CO  quet'  (yer)  cy  clo  pe'an  de  mon'stra- 

(ket)  cov'erlet       da 'do,  or  tive 

CO  quette'       cov'et  ous  dado  dem 'on  stra- 

(ket)  cow'ard  ice    da  guerre 'o-  tor 

CO  quet'ry      craunch  type  de  none  ment 

(ket)  crgat'xire         dahlia,  (ya)    (de  noo- 
cSr'al  (yvir)  (or  dal)  mong') 


cOr'dial  or 

ere '  dence 

da 'is 

de  nun'ci  ate 

(yai) 

creek 

dam'ning 

(shi) 

cor ' net 

crin '  0  line 

Dan '  ish 

dep  0  SI 'tion 

c5r'ol la  ry 

cri  tique' 

da '  ta 

(zish'un) 

cSr'o  ner 

crouch 

daub 

de'j)ot  (po) 

ELEMENT  A  It  Y  SO  VXDS.  103 

depths  di  lap'i  date  dis  guise'  (z)  di  vert' 

dep'uty         dilate'  disgust'        divest' 

der'e  lict  (or  di)  disfran-'        divulge' 

de  ri '  sive      di  lem '  ma  chise  dQ 

de  §ign,  (or  (or  di)  (chiz)  dog 'lie 

sin)  n  di  men'sion   dis  ha  bille'  does  (z) 
des'ig  nate     di  og'e  san     dis  heir'  (ar)  dog 
desire'  (z)    di'o  cese         dishev'el       dol'orous 
de  gist '  diph  the '  ri  a  dis  hon '  est     doni '  i  cile 

(or  sist)  diph 'thong  (diz)  dom'inie 

des'pic  a  ble  (dif  or  dip)    dis  in'ter-       don 'a  tive 
dessert'  (z)  di  plo'ma  est  ed  donk'ey 

des'tine  di'plo'macy  dis  join'  D5r'ic 

des '  ue  tude    dip  lo  mat '  ic  dis  like '  dost 

(we)  di  plo'ma  tist  dis  loy '  al        doth 
des'ul  to  ry    di  reef  dis  or'der       dough 'ty 

de'tail,  ?i        disarm'  dis  or'gan  ize  (dou) 

det'es  ta'tion  (diz)  dram'a(or 

dev '  as  tate    dis  as '  ter        dis  own '  ( dra ' ) 

devil  (dev'l)  (diz)  (diz)  dram'atist 

dew  (dn)        dis  band'        dis'pu  table  draught 
diagnose'     disburse'       dis'pu  taut  (draft) 

di'alOgue       discern  dissolve'        draw'ers 

di'amond        (diz-zern')      (diz  zolve)  (erz) 

Di  a'na  (or    dis  course'      dis  syl'la  ble  drOm'e  da  ry 

Di  au'a)  dis  crep '  ance  dis '  ti-eh  di-oss 

dier'esis       dis-cre'tion   distrib'ute    drought 
differ  ent      dis  dain'         dis'trict  (drout) 

diffQse'  (diz)  divan'  drowned 

(not  z)  di  dac'tic       di  var'i  cate  (dround) 

digest'  disease'         diverge'         Dru'id 

di  gres'sion         (dis  eaze)  di'v6rse,  a     due 'at 


104  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

due 'tile  ele  phan'tine  (Qng  we' )      gr'rand 

da  et'  e  lev 'en  en  vi'rons      erra'tum 

dake  Eliz'abeth-  (ronz)  gr'ring 

du '  ress  an  ep  I  cu  re '  an  er '  u  dite 

du'ty  elm  e  pis'tle  ('1)  er  y  sip'elas 

dy'namite    e  ma'ci  ate    e  pit' o  me     esquire' 
dy'nas  ty  (sbi)  ep  i  zO  6t'ic  6t'i  quette' 

dys  pep '  sia    em  en  da '  tion  ep '  och  (ket) 

eau  de  co-      e  mol'lient     6 'qua  ble       Eu  ro  pe'an 

logne  (yeiit)  (k wa)  e$  Sg ' er  bate 

(0  de  ko  lon')em  pir'ic       e  qua  nim'-   e$  ag'ger  ate 
e  clat'  (kla)  em  py  re'an  i  ty  e?:  alt' 

e  CO  nom'ical  en  core  (kwa)  e?;  as 'per  ate 

ed'u  cate  (5ng  kor')  e  qua 'tion    excise'  (ciz) 

e'er  (ar)  en  cy  elope'-  (shun)  ex'cretive 

effort  di  a  e  qua  to '  rial  ex  cru '  ci  ate 

ef  front '  er  y  en  cy  clo  ped '  -  eq '  uer  ry  (sbi) 

egg  ic  e'qui  nox        ex  cur'sion 

e'gotism       e  ner'vate      Sq'uipage  (shun) 

egre'gious    enfran'chlse  (pej)  e?  efi'u  tive 

(jas)  (chiz)  e'qui  poise    e?;e€'utor 

eh,  mf.  gn'glne  (poize)  e^em'plar 

eith'er  engross'  e  ra'sure       e?:hale'=^ 

el  ee  m5s'y-  en  qui'ry  (zhur)  e?:  haust'* 

na  ry  en '  vel  ope,  n  ere  e?:  hib '  it* 

ele'giac        ennui  §rr  e?;  hort'* 

*NOTE.— According  to  a  rule  given  by  the  dictionaries,  "a; 
has  the  sound  of  gz  when  it  ends  an  unaccented  syllable  and 
the  next  syllable  is  accented  and  begins  with  a  vowel  or  the 
Jetter/(."  But  when  this  syllable  begins  with  the  letter /i,  it  is 
almost  the  universal  custom  to  drop  the  sound  of  h  and  givex 
the  sound  of  qz,  or,  if  the  sound  of  h  be  retained,  to  give  to  x 
the  sound  of  Ics;  thus  exhaust  is  commonly  pronounced  egz- 
awst'  and  exhale,  eks-hale'.  Custom,  in  this  case,  will  be  fol- 
lowed in  spite  of  the  dictionaries. 


ELEMENTARY  SOUNDS.       '  105 

ex  hor  ta '  tion  fa '  vor  ite      fran '  chise      gib '  ber  ish 
e:5;hame'        fe'brile  (cbJz)  gib 'bet 

ex '  ile,  V  &  n  Feb '  ru  a  ry   frag '  lie  gib '  bous 

e^  ist'  fee'uud  frat'ri  cide     gi  gan  te'an 

exoter'ic      fern 'i  nine      frSn'tier         giraffe 
ex  pa' ti  ate    ferrule  fron'tispiecegla'cial 

(shi)  (fer'ril)  fro 'ward  (shal) 

ex 'pert  fSr'tile  fruit  glS'ci  er 

ex '  pie  tive     fig  Qre  fagh '  si  a        gla  di '  o  lus 

ex  ploit '         fi  na '  le  ful '  crum        gla '  mour 

ex  po '  nent     fi  nance '  fu '  tile  glyc '  er  ine 

expunge'       financier      gal'lant  G5d 

ex '  pur  gate  fi  nesse '  gal  lant ' ,  n    gon '  do  la 

gx '  qui  site      fla-e '  cid  gal '  1  o ws         goose '  ber  ry 

(zit)  flageolet'  (lus)  (gooze) 

ex'tant  (o)  gam 'in  gov'ernment 

ex  tem'po  re  flaunt  gaol  grSn'a  ry 

ex'tlrpate     flor'id  gape  grand '- 

extel'  .flo'rist  garage  mother 

ex  traor '  di '  -  fo '  lio  (ga  razh ' )  gra '  tis 

na  ry  for  bade '        gas  e  ous         grease,  n 
e?:  n '  ber  ant  f5re '  cas  tie  (gaz )  grease,  v 

e$:  ult'ant  (cils  1)  gas  tri'tis      gri  mace' 

ey'ry  forehead        gaunt  gri  mal'kin 

fagade'     •  (f5r'ed)  gaunt 'let         gri 'my 

fac  Sim  i  le     for '  est  gen  e  al '  o  gy  groat 

fal'chion         forge  gen'ius(yus)ga  ber  na- 

(chun)  for '  ge  ry        gen '  u  ine  to '  ri  al 

falcon  for '  mid  a  ble  ger  ry  man-    guil '  lo  tine ' 

(faw'kn)  fQr'ay  der  gum  ar'a  bic 

fast  fort 'night      ger'und  gums  (gumz) 

fau  cet  for '  tress         gher '  kin         gym  na'si  um 

ghoul 

giaour  (jourj 


106  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

half  hOme'ly  il  lus'trate     in 'fan  tile 

hal '  I  but(liol)  home '  stead  im  pla '  ca  ble  in '  fan  tine 
hand  ker-       ho  moe  5p '  a-  im '  be  cile      in  hos '  pit  a- 

chiefs  thist  im '  pe  tus  ble 

( hang '  ker-  ho  mo  ge '  ne-  im '  pi  ous  ly  in  i '  ti  ate 

chifs)  ous  im  por  tune'  (shi) 

har'ass  hoof  impos'ter      in  qui'ry 

ha 'rem  hoop  im  prima'-    inspir'ato- 

hasten  (or  ho'op)  tur  ry 

(has'n)  ho  ri'zon        improvise'  in  stSad' 
haunch  hOr'rid  (vize)  in  struct',  a 

hearth  hor'olOge      in'^ho  ate      in'sti  tate 

heath 'er  hos 'pit  a  ble  in  ci'sor  (zer)      (not  toot) 

height  hos 'tile  in  cog 'ni  to   in'tegral 

hei'nous         hos'tler  (ler)  in  com'pa-     inter'calary 
Hel  len '  ic      ho  tel '  ra  ble  in '  ter  est 

hgrb  (or  erb)  hov  er  in  con'gru- 

her  ba'ceous  hum 'ble  ous  in 'ter  est  ing 

(shus)  hu'mor  in  de  co'rus  interloc'u- 

her'o  ine        hurrah'         indefat'i-  tor 

her'o  ism       huz  za'  ga  ble  in  ter  ne'cine 

(izm)  hydrop'a-     Indian  in  ter' po  late 

hie 'cough  thy        (ind  yan)  intes'tlne 

(kup)  hy'gi  ene       in  die 'a  tive  in  triigue', 
hid 'e  ous        hymenS'al  in'dicatory  n&v 

Hin  ddo '         hy  poc '  risy    in  dig '  e  nous  in  vei '  gle 
hippopot'a-hy  poth'e-     in  dis'pu  ta-  in  vo  lu'cre 

mus  nuse  ble  i'o  dide 

hir  sute '         hy  po  thet '  ic  in '  dus  try      i '  o  dine 
hoi 'ly  hock    ice 'cream       in  er'tia(shi)  I'o  wa 
hol'o  caust    i  de'a  in  ex'pH  ca-  i  ras'ci  ble 

horn 'age         ignora'mus  ble  iron  (i' urn) 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


107 


Ir  ref  ra  ga-  joiist 
ble  jowl 
irref'u  table ju'gu  lar 
Ir  rep '  a  ra-    j  u '  ve  nile 


leg 'is  la  tive  maeli'i  na- 
leg'is  lat  are  tioE 

lei 'sure  mael'strom 

(zhur)  mag  a  zine' 


ble  khan  (or  a)    le'ni  ent  main  tain' 

ir  rev 'oca-  (a  chief)  leth'argy  main'te- 

ble  lab '  o  ra  to  ry  let '  tuce  ( tis)  nance 

I  soeh '  ro  nal  la^h '  ry  mose  lev '  ee  Ma  lay ' 

Is '  o  late  lam '  ent  a  ble  le '  ver  mal '  ice 

Isos'celes     lan'dau  Ley 'den  jar  ma 'ma 

(lez)  lang  syne'  (dn)  man  da'mus 

I  so  therm 'al  La  Qc'o  on    lib'er  tine  man  ga  nSse 
isthmus           la  pel '             li '  chen 

(is'mus)  lar  yn  ge'al   li^'o  rige 
Italian  lar  ynx  ( inksjlief 


(i  tal'yan)  las 'so 
ital'ic  la 'tent 


lien 


(neze) 
ma  ni '  a  cal 
mar '  i  time 
flias'cu  line 


jack'al 
jag  u  ar' 
jal'ap 
jas  mine 
jaun'dice 
jaunt 
jave'lin 
jejune' 
jews  harp 

(jnz)  lii'va 
jo  cose' 
joc'und 
jon'quil 


lath,  n  &  V 
laths  (z) 
lathe 
Lat 'in 


lietl  ten 'ant   mas'sa  ere 
li'lac  (ker) 

lin'eament    matinee' 
lifer  at  Qre*  ma'tron 


lithe 


lau'danum   live 'long 
laugh 


launch 
laun'dry 
lau '  rel 


ma'tron  ly 
mat'u  tl  nal 
mau  so  le '  um 
meas  ure 
(mezh'ur) 


loath,  a 

loath '  some 

long 'lived  mS^h'an  ist 

loy'al  me  di  ae'val 

leaped  (lept    (not  law'yal)me'dl  o  ere 

or  lept)  lux'o'ri  ous  meer'schaum 
learu'ed,  a  (orlugz)  memoir 


(kwil)  leg 'end  lyce'um 


(wor) 


Study  carefully  the  sound  of  u  in  words  of  this  class. 


108  OB  TIIO a nA  PH  Y  A  ND 

men  ag  er  ie  mount 'ain-    New'found-   often  (Of  n) 

(azh)  oils  lando'kra 

men  in  gi'tis  mu  nic'i  pal  news 'pa  per  om  nis'cient 
me  phi 'tis      muse'um  ,  (nQz)  (shent) 

mer'cantile  (ze)  nie'o  tine      On'er  ous 

met'ric  mnsli'rwm     Ni'ger  O'nyx 

mi  as'ma(az)mus  tA^he'  .  nom'ad  o  po  del 'doc 

mi'ero  scope  my  thol'o  gy  no 'men  clat-  op  po'nent 
micr5s'copy  na'iad  (yad)  nre  6r 

mirac'u-        na'ivete       nom'iua-       or'ange 

lous     (naevta')  tire  o  rang' ou- 

mirage'  nape  none  tang' 

(razh)  nar'rovr  noose  (nooze)6r'€lies  tra 

mis'chiev-      na'sal  (zal)    noth  ing  or'gies 

ousnas'cent         nui'sance  (giez) 

mis  con'-       nii'tion  al       o'asis  O  ri'on 

strue  na'tare  oath  Qr'i  son 

Mis  sou 'rl      nau'sea  oaths  (othz)  (zun)- 

mistletoe  (shi)  o  bei'sance    Cr'nate. 

(miz'l  to)  nau'seous     o  bes'i  ty        o'ro  tund 
moc'ca  sin  (shus)  ob'li  ga  to  fy  or'tho  e  py 

mol'e  cule      ne  crol'o  gy   ob  lique'         os'cil  late 
mSn'ad  ne'er  ob  scen'i  tj    Ought 

mon'grel        nei'ther  ob'se  quies     oust 

mor'al  nem'esis  (kwiz)  ox'ide 

morale'  nephew  obtrude'        pag'eant 

mor'phine  (nef'yoo)  o€  ta'vo  pa  la'ver 

mor'sel  nep'otism     of  (5v)  Pal 'es  tine 

(not  si)  (tizm)  5ff  pal 'fry 

moss*  nenral'gia    Office  pall  mall' 

moth  new  (na)        5ft  (pel  mel) 

*  Read  what  is  said  of  the  sound  of  short  o  in  words  of  this 
class. 


ELEMEXTA  R  Y  SO  UNDS.  109 

pal  try  Pe  nel '  o  pe   piquant  pOst'hu  inoua 

pan  e  gyr'ic  pe  nult'  (pik'ant) 

pan  o  ra '  ma  per'empt  o  ry  pla '  ca  ble      pre  ce '  dence 
pan  ta  loons        (em  to  ry )  pla'gl  a  rism  prec'e  dent,  w 
(ld5nz)pSr'fume  (rizm)  prece'dent,  a 

pan '  to  mime  per  i  os  ti '  tis  pla  card '        pred '  a  to  ry 
papa'  Per'sian         pla'guer         pred'ecessor 

par '  a  9linte  (shan)  plait 

par  e  gor'ic    pe  ruse'  (not  plet)  pr6di  lec'tion 

par'ent  (ruze)  plateau' (to) 

pa '  ri  ah  pet '  al  pleasure         pref  ace 

pari'etal       pet'rel  (plezh  ur)  pre 'feet 

par'lia  ment  pha'e  ton       plebe'ian      preferable 
parquet'        pha'lanx  (yan)  pre  lieu 'sile 

(par  ka)  i)liar  ma  co-Ple'iadeS      prel'acy 
part'ridge         poe'ia  (ya)  (ya  dez)  prel'ate 

past  phil  an '  thro-  pie '  na  ry       prel '  Qde 

pas 'time  pypock'et  premier 

path  phi  lol'o  gy  poign'ant         (prem'yur) 

pat'rl  mony   phi  los'o  phy     (not  yant)  Pre§  by  te'- 
pa'trl  ot  phon'ics         po  lice'  ri  an 
pa'tron  ize     phos'pho  rus  pg  lo  naise'    pre'sci  ence 
(or  pat)photog'ra-              (naize)       (shensor 
paunch                          phistpom'aQe                 shi  ens) 
ped'agog-     phreno  log '-pomade'        presenta'tion 
ism  (izm)                     icpon'iard                     (prez) 
ped '  a  go  gy    phthi  sis                    ( yard)  pre  sent '  i- 
ped  a  gog '  ic            (thi  sis)  p6r '  ce  lain      ment  ( not  z ) 
pe'dal,  «         pian'ist         portent'        prestige' 
ped'al,  w         pian'o'         possess'                     (tezh) 
ped '  es  tal        pi  iiz '  za              (poz  zess ' )  pre  teuce ' 
pe'ual             pllas'ter        poste'rior    prefer  it 

pre  text' 


110  ORTHOGBAPHY  AND 

pretty  (prit'   pro'testa-     quar'an  tine,re  cruit 
ty,  notpret)  tion  w  re  cu'sant 

prlth'ee  protrude'      quarantine'  (zant) 

pri'vacy       prS'vost         quay  (ke)       referable 
pri V '  i  ly         prune  qui '  nine         re '  flex,  a 

prob'ity        Prus'sian        (or  quinine')ref' nse 
pro'ceeds,  »     (prush 'an)  quoit  re  fQse  (fuze) 

proQ'ess         prus'sic         rap'ine  refut'able 

prod '  uce        psal '  mo  dy     rasp '  ber  ry    re  gime 
prod'uct  (sal)  (raz)      (ra  zheem) 

pro'file  psalms  r Sam,  rail' ler  y        reg'u  lar 

pro  fuse'  or  samz)rath'er  ren'dez  vqus 

(not  z)  psalmist        ra'ti  o  (shi)  (de) 

prO'gram        psal  ter  (sal)  ra'tion  rep 'a  ra  ble 

prog'ress        pu'is  sance    ra'tion  al        rep  ar  tee' 
prohibl'-     pum'ice         re  al  i  za'-     rep'tile 

tion  pump '  kin  tion  rep '  u  ta  ble 

proj'ect  (commonly  reb' el  re 'qui  em 

proj  ect'lle  pun 'kin)    (not  reb'l)  re  sSarch' 

prolix'  pur'chase       recess'  reservoir' 

promenade' pur 'port,  n    rec'i  pe  .  (rez  er 

(or  nade)  &>  v     rec  i  ta'tion  vwor') 

pro  nun  ci-    put  re  cla  ma'      res 'in  (rez) 

a 'tion  (or    pyg  me'an  tion    resource' 

shI  a 'shun)  p_f  ram'idal  rec'og  niz  a-  re  spir'able 
proof  pyri'tes(tez)  bleres'pite 

proph'ecy'    Pj^thago'-    re  con'nois-   res'pit  ed 
propb  e  sy ',  V  re  an      sance  (nis)  res'tau  rant 

protege         quadrille'      reconnoi'-  (0) 

(protazha')  (kwa)         ^  t€r  rgsum6 

pro  tem'po  re  quag'gj         recourse'  (razQma') 

pro 'test  qualm  rec  re  a 'tion  re  tail',  v 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS. 


Ill 


re 'tail  nova  Eussian  scen'ic 

re  tro  act '  (rush '  an)  st-hed '  ule 

re'tro  cede     rutaba'ga    schism. 

(or  ret)  sac'€ha  rine  (sizm) 

reveille  sa  crif'i€  a-    screw 

(re  varya)  ble  (skroo) 

rev 'o  cable    sac'rl  fice       scrofula 
re  volt'  (fiz)  n  &  v  scrvi'pu  lous 

rheu  mafic   sac 'ri  lege      seek 'el 
rib'ald  sac  rile'-  (apear) 

rice  gioLis  sed'atlve 

rid '  i  cule       sa  ga '  cious    seine 
riud  saline'        .   se'uile 

rinse  salm'  on         series 

rise  (rize),  v        (sam'uu)  (se'rez) 

salve  (sav)     sergeant 
rise(orriz),7i  sal'ver  (sar'jant) 

ro  bust' 
ro  mance 
roof 
rook 


(a  plate)  ser'vile 

san'guine  ses'a  me 

sa'pi  ence  sew'er(su'er 
sap  phire  or  soor) 


root  (saf  ir)  sew  (so) 

route  sa '  tyr  sha'  n'  t 

routine'  sau'cy  (shant) 

ni'by  saun'ter         shire  (or 

rude  sau'sage(sej)  sheer) 

rue  sea  lene '         shOne  ( or 

ruffian  seal 'lop  shSne) 

(ruf  yan)  scarce  short 'lived 

ru  in  scathed  sib'yl  line 

riile  (skatht)  si  es'ta 

ru'mor  scath'ing        sim'i  le 


si  mul  ta '  ne- 
ous 
sinew  (sin'n) 
si'ne  cure 
si '  ren 
sir 'up 
sleek  (not 

slik) 
sloth 

slough  (sluf) 
(a  scab) 
slough  (slou) 
(a  mire-hole) 
snout 
so'brl  quet 

(ka) 
sod'er 
soiree  (swa- 

ra') 
so'joQrn 

71  &  V 

sol  (in  music) 
sol ' ace 
sol'der  (sod) 
sol'e  cism 
soon 
sdbt 

sooth 'say  er 
so  pra'no 
sough  (suf) 
souse,  V  (not 
sowz) 


112  ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 

south 'erly     sta'tus  quo    sur  tgut'         te'por 
south  ward  (qwo)  sur  veil'lance  ter  gl  ver  sa'- 

(sutli'ard)  steel' yard  (yance)  tion 

s5v'er  eij^Q     (colloquially  stir' vey,  ?i       ter 'ra  pin 
(or  suv)  stil)  sur  vey',  v     tete  a  tete 

souvenir         ste're  o  scope  sut'ure  (tat  a  tat' ) 

(soov'neer)  ste're  o  type  swarthy  Tha  li'a 

spasm  steward  swerve  the '  a  ter 

(spazm  (stu  ard)  sweet 'flag      their 

not  um)stom  a  cher    sword  (sord)  there 'fore 
species  sto  maeh'ic   syn'od  thral  dom 

(spe'shez)      stra'ta  syr'up  ti'ny 

sperm  a  ce '  ti  stry eh '  nine    tab '  er  na  cle  ti  rade ' 

sub  al' tern     tableau'   (lo)to  ma'to 
sphe'roid       sub  sid'ence  talc  top  o  graph '- 

spinach  sub'stan-        tal  cose'  ic  al 

( spin ' aj  )  ti vely  tal '  is  man      tour 

spir'acle         sub ' tile  (//iw  (iz)  tgur'na  ment 

splen'e  tic  or  rare) tap' es  try      tra'^he  a 

spoon  subtle  (sly)    ta'pis  tran'quil 

spouse  (sut'l)  tar  pau'lin     trans  fer'a- 

(spouze)  sub'urb  Tar  ta' re  an  ble 

squalid  Su'ez  tar  tar' ic        trans 'mi- 

squa'lor         suffice'  (fiz)task  grate 

squir'rel         suite  (sweet)  taunt  treat 'ise 

(skwur  or  sul  phu'ric     teat  tre'mor 

squir )  su '  ma€  te '  di  ous        tri  bu '  nal 

stal'wart  (or  shoo)  te  leg'ra  phy  trib'une 

(or  stal)  sum'ma  ry     tem'per  a-      trichi'na 
stanch  su  per'flu  ous  ture  trip'ar  tite 

star 'board      sup 'pie  ten'ure  triph' thong 

stat'ics  sur  named'     tep'id  (or  trip') 


ELEMENTAR  Y  SO  UNDS.  113 

tr5'€lie  usurp'  (z)     vorume  with 

trSth  va^'c'ine  (yum)  -withe  (not  th) 

trOw  va  ga '  ry         wain '  scot       worn  an 

tru'culent     val'et  wal'nut  won't 

truths  (not     vaunt  (or  a)   wal'rus  (or     wont 

truthz)  ven  due'  wal)  worst  ed 

tube 'ruse  (z)  ven'i  son        wan'der        (wgs'ted) 
Tues'day  (zn)  want  wQund,  n&v 

(tQz  da)  ve'hement     wan'ton  (or  wound) 

ttir'bine  ver'dl  gris      war'rant         xiph'oid  (z) 

turquoise       vgr'dnre         wa'ter  xy  lograph'- 

(tur  koiz ' )  vet '  er  i  na  Tf  wharf  (not  ic  (zi) 

typog'ra-       vic'ar  warf)  yacht  (yot) 

phervi'cinage       whooping-      y  cleped' 
typ  o  graph'ic  vign  ette  cough  (klept) 

(or  typ ' )        (vin  yet ' )       (hoop '  ing-  year '  ling 
ty  ran'nic      vin'dl  ca-  kof)  yelk  (or  yolk) 

tyr'an  uy  tive  way 'lay  youths 

un  der  neath  vi  ra'go  weird  zeal'ot 

unscathed'  (or  vl)  why  (not  wl)  zS'nith 

(skatht)  vis  count        wife's  Zeus 

U'ranus  (vi' count)       (not  wivz)  zo  di'a  cal 

usage  vis'or  (vizur)wind  row        zo  ol'o  gy 

(yoo '  zig)  vizier  (viz '  -         (win '  ro)  zou  ave ' 
used  yer)  wind 'ward 


114 


ORTHOGRAPHY  AND 
INDEX. 


Page. 

Accent 64 

Adjective  Suffixes 64 

Adverb  Suffixes 64 

Affix 45 

Alliterative  Poem 89 

Antecedent. 44 

Antepenultimate 64 

Antonym 63 

Aphthong 11 

Articulation 38 

"           Errors  in 37 

"  Exercises 35-37 

"           Recreation 39 

"ASpell" 88 

Aspirates,  Dei.  of 7 

List  of 30 

Assimilation  of  Consonants- •  11 

"Biacic  Boot-Black" 41 

Cognates    9-31 

Compound  Words 45 

Consonants 7-20-30 

Correlative    Long  and  Short 

Sounds 31 

Definitions 6 

Dentals,  Def.  of 8 

Derivative  Words 45 

Diacritical  Marks,  Def.  of 12 

"              "         Names  of.  •  27 

Dleresis 34 

Digraph 9 

Diphthong 10-20 

Diphongai  Vowel 10 

Dissyllables 54 

Duplication  of  Consonants. ..  11 

Elementary  Sounds 6 

"       How  to 

Teach  Them 32 

Elementary    Sounds,   Tables 

of 29-30 

English  Prefixes 56 

Enunciation,  Exercises  In  —  35 

Eponym 53 

Equivalents 9 

Tableof 29 

Errors  in  Articulation 37 

Esau  Wood— a  Test  for  Bone- 

Heads 43 

Exercises    for    Marking   and 

Pronunciation 36 

Examiners'  Speech.  Pro.  Test.  94 

For  a  Pronouncing  Match  —  95 

Fricatives 9 

Greek  Prefixes 62 

Greek  Stems 62 

Gutturals 8 

Homonym 53 


Page. 
How    to    Teach   Elementary 

Sounds 32 

Hyphen 46 

Labials,  Def.  of 8 

Tableof 30 

Lablo  Dentals 8 

Tableof 30 

Language 5 

Latin  Prefixes 56 

Latin  Stems 68 

Letters 6 

Lingua  Dentals 8 

Lingua  Palatals 8 

Liquids : 9 

Linguals,  Def.  of 8 

Tableof 30 

List  of  Words  Often  Mispro- 
nounced   92 

Michigan's  SCO 72 

Mispronounced   Words,    List 

of 92 

Monosyllables 64 

Mutes 7 

Nasals 9 

Noun  Suffixes 63 

Obscure  Sounds  of  Vowels —  15 

Organs  of  Speech 5 

"          Voice 5 

Orthoepy 11 

Orthography 11 

Palatals,  Def.  of 8 

Table  of 30 

Paronyms • 63 

Penultimate 64 

Ph 24 

Philology 12 

Phonography 12 

Phonology 11 

Phonontypy 12 

Phonotypy 12 

Polysyllable 64 

Power  of  Letters 6 

Preantepenultimate 64 

Prefix 44 

"     Listof 56 

Primitive  Word 44 

Principles  of  Pronunciation..  12 

Pronunciation  Don'ts 91 

Rules 91 

Tests. . .  94 

Pronunclative  Ordeal •  96 

Quality 8 

Quantity 12 

Questions— Review 82 

Recreations  in  Articulation-  •  39 

Redundant  Letters 30 


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